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Subjects in this Topic:
Figures of Speech *
Systematically Classified
by E.W. Bullinger
PART ONE - Figures Involving Omission
1. Affecting words
2. Affecting the sense
PART TWO - Figures Involving Addition
1. Affecting words
2. Affecting the sense, by way of
Repetition
Amplification
Description
Conclusion
Interposition
Reasoning
PART THREE - Figures Involving Change
1. Affecting the meaning and usage of words
2. Affecting the order and arrangement of words
3. Affecting the application of words, as to
Sense
Persons
Subject-matter
Time
Feeling
Reasoning
PART ONE - Figures Involving Omission
1. AFFECTING WORDS
* El-lips'-is; or, Omission When a gap is purposely left in a sentence through the omissiion of some word or words.
1. Absolute Ellipsis. Where the omitted word or words are to be supplied from the nature of the subject.
1. Noun and Pronouns (Gen_14:19,Gen_14:20. Psa_21:12).
2. Verbs and participles (Gen_26:7. Psa_4:2).
3. Certain connected words in the same member of a passage (Gen_25:32.Mat_25:9). Called Brachyology.
4. A whole clause in a connected passage (Gen_30:27. 1Ti_1:3,1Ti_1:4).
2. Relative Ellipsis.
1. Where the omitted word is to be supplied from a cognate word in the context (Psa_76:11).
2. Where the omitted word is to be supplied from a related or contrary word (Gen_33:10. Psa_7:11).
3. Where the omitted word is to be supplied from analogous or related words (Gen_50:23.Isa_38:12).
4. Where the omitted word is contained in another word, the one word comprising the two significations (Gen_43:33).
3. Ellipsis of Repitition.
1. Simple; where the Ellipsis is to be supplied from a preceding or a succeding clause (Gen_1:30. 2Co_6:16).
2. Complex; where the two clauses are mutually involed, and the Ellipsis in the former clause is to be supplied from the latter; and, at the same time, an Ellipsis in the latter clause it be supplied from the former (Heb_12:20).
* Zeug'-ma; or, Unequal Yoke When one verb is yoked on to two subjects, while grammatically a second verb is required.
1. Proto-zeugma, or, Ante-yoke or Fore-yoke (Gen_4:20. 1Ti_4:3).
2. Meso-zeugma, or, Middle yoke (Luk_1:64).
3. Hypo-zeugma, or End yoke (Act_4:27,Act_4:28).
4. Syne-zeugmenon, or, Joint yoke (Exo_20:18).
* A-syn'-de-ton; or, No-Ands (Mar_7:21 - Mar_7:23.Luk_14:13). The usual conjunction is omitted, so that the point to be emphasised may be quickly reached and ended with an emphatic climax (compare to Polysyndeton, and Luk_14:21).
* Aph-aer'-e-sis; or, Front Cut (Jer_22:24). The cutting off of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word.
* APOCOPE: or, End-Cut.
2. AFFECTING THE SENSE.
* Ap-o-si-opes'-is; or, Sudden Silence It may be associated with:-
1. Some great promise (Exo_32:32).
2. Anger and threatening (Gen_3:22).
3. Grief and complaint (Gen_25:22.Psa_6:3).
4. Inquiry and deprecation (Joh_6:62).
* Mei-o'-sis; or a Belittleing (Gen_18:27. Num_13:33). A belittleing of one thing to magnify another.
* Ta-pei-no'-sis; or, Demeaning (Gen_27:44.Rom_4:19). The lessoning of a thing in order to increase and intensify that same thing. (Compare Meiosis.)
* Cat-a'-bas-is; or, Gradual Descent (Php_2:6 - Php_2:8). The opposite of Anabasis. Used to emphasise humiliation, sorrow, etc.
* Syl'-lo-gis'-mus; or, Omission of the Conclusion (1Sa_17:4 - 1Sa_17:7). The conclusion, though implied, is unexpressed, in order to add emphasis to it.
* En'-thy-me-ma; or, Omission of Premiss (Mat_27:19). Where the conclusion is stated, and one or both of the premisses are omitted.
PART TWO - Figures Involving Addition
1. AFFECTING WORDS
1. Repetition of Letters and Syllables
* Ho-moe-o-pro'-pher-on; or, Alliteration (Jdg_5:1-31). The repetiton of the same letter or syllable at commencement of successive words.
* Ho'-moe-o-tel-eu'-ton; or, Like Endings (Mar_12:30). The repetition of the same letters or syllables at the end of successive words. Used also of an omision in the text caused by such-like endings: the scribe's eye going back to the latter of such similar words, instead of the former. See Jos_2:1.
* Ho-moe-o'-pto-ton; or, Like Inflections (2Ti_3:2,2Ti_3:3). Similar endings arising from the same inflection of verbs, nouns, etc. . This figure belongs peculiarly to the original languages.
* Par'-o-moe-o'-sis; or, Like-Sounding Inflections (Mat_11:17). The repetition of inflections similar in sound.
* Ac-ro'-stichion; or, Acrostic (Psa_119:1-176). Repetition of the same or successive letters at the beginnings of words or clauses.
2. The Repetition of the Same Word
* Ep'-i-zeux'-is; or, Duplication (Gen_22:11.Psa_77:16). The repetition of the same word in the same sense.
* An-a'-pho-ra; or, Like Sentence Beginnings (Deu_28:3 - Deu_28:6). The repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive sentences.
* Ep'-an-a-leps'is; or, Resumption (1Co_10:29. Php_1:24). The repetition of the same word after a break or parenthesis.
* Po'ly-syn'de-ton; or, Many Ands (Gen_22:9,Gen_22:11.Jos_7:24.Luk_14:21). The repetition of the word "and" at the beginning of successive clauses, each independent, important, and emphatic, with no climax at the end (Compare Aysndeton and Luk_14:13).
* Par'-a-di-a'-stol-e; or, Neithers and Nors (Exo_20:10. Rom_8:35,Rom_8:38,Rom_8:39). The repetition of the disjunctives niether and nor, or, either and or.
* Ep-i-stro-phe; or, Like Sentence-Endings (Gen_13:6. Psa_24:10). The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive sentences.
* Ep-i'-pho-za; or, Epistrophe in Argument (2Co_11:22). The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive sentences used in argument.
* Ep'-an-a-di-plo'-sis; or, Encircling (Gen_9:3.Psa_27:14). The repetition of the same word or words at the beginning and end of a sentence.
* Ep-a-dip'-lo-sis; or, Double Encircling (Psa_47:6). Repeated Epanadiplosis (see above).
* An'-a-di-plo'-sis; or, Like Sentence Endings and Beginnings (Gen_1:1,Gen_1:2.Psa_121:1,Psa_121:2). The word or words concluding one sentence are repeated at the beginning of another.
* Climax; or, Gradation (2Pe_1:5 - 2Pe_1:7). Anadiplosis repeated in successive sentences (see "Anadiplosis", above).
* Mes-ar-chi'-a; or, Beginning and Middle Repetition (Ecc_1:2). The repetition of the same word or words at the beginning and middle of successive sentences.
* Mes-o-di-plo'-sis; or, Middle Repetition (2Co_4:8,2Co_4:9). The repetition of the same word or words in the middle of successive sentences.
* Mes-o-tel-eu'-ton; or, Middle and End Repetition (2Ki_19:7). The repetition of the same word or words in the middle and at the end of successive sentences.
* Repetitio; or, Repetition (2Ch_20:35 - 2Ch_20:37. Joh_14:1 - Joh_14:4). Repetition of the same word or words irregularly in the same passage.
* Po-ly-pto'-ton; or, Many Inflections The repetition of the same part of speech in different inflections.
1. Verbs (Gen_50:24. 2Ki_21:13).
2. Nouns and pronouns (Gen_9:25.Rom_11:36).
3. Adjectives (2Co_9:8).
* ANTANACLASIS: or, Word-Clashing, and
* Plok'-e; or, Word-Folding (Jer_34:17). The repetition of the same word in a different sense, implying more than the first use of it.
* Syn'-oe-cei-o'-sis; or, Cohabitation (Mat_19:16,Mat_19:17). The repetition of the same word in the same sentence with an extended meaning.
* Syl-leps'-is(1); or, Combination (2Ch_31:8). The repetition of the sense without the repetition of the word.
3. The Repetition of Different Words
1. In a similar order (but same sense).
* Sym'-plo-ke; or, Interwining (1Co_15:42 - 1Co_15:44). The repetition of different words in successive sentences in the same order and the same sense.
2. In a different order (but same sense).
* Ep-an'-od-os; or, Inversion (Gen_10:1 - Gen_10:31.Isa_6:10). The repetition of the same word or words in an inverse order, the sense being unchanged.
* Ant-i-me-tab'-o-le; or, Counterchange (Gen_4:4,Gen_4:5.Isa_5:20). A word or words repeated in a revers order, with the object of opposing them to one another.
3. Similar in sound, but different in sense.
* Par-eg'-men-on; or, Derivation (Mat_16:18). The repetition of words derived from the same root.
* Par-o-no-ma'-si-a: or, Rhyming Words (Gen_18:27). The repetition of words similar in sound, but not necessarily in sense.
* Par-e-che'-sis; or, Foreign Paronomasia (Rom_15:4). The repetition of words similar in sound, but different in language.
4. Different in sound, but similar in sense
* Syn-o-ny-mi-a; or, Synonymous Words (Pro_4:14,Pro_4:15). The repetition of words similar in sense, but different in sound and origin.
* Repeated Negation; or Many Noes (Joh_10:28). The repetition of divers negatives.
4. The Repetition of Sentences and Phrases
* Cy-clo-id'-es; or, Circular Repetition (Psa_80:3,Psa_80:7,Psa_80:19). The repetition of the same phrase at regular intervals.
* Am-oe-bae'-on; or, Refrain (Psa_136:1-26). The repetition of the same phrase at the end successive paragraphs.
* Coe'-no-tes; or, Combined Repetition (Psa_118:8,Psa_118:9). The repetition of two different phrases, one at the beginning, and the other at the end of successive paragraphs.
* Ep-i'-bo-le; or, Overlaid Repetition (Psa_29:3,Psa_29:4,Psa_29:5,Psa_29:7,Psa_29:8,Psa_29:9). The repetition of the same phrase at irregular intervals.
* SYNANTESIS: or, Introverted Repetition.
5. The Repetition of Subjects
* Parallelism; or Parallel Lines The repetition of similar, synonymous, or opposite thoughts or words in parallel or successive lines. Compare to "Correspondence".
1. Simple synonymous, or gradational. When the lines are parallel in thought, and in the use of synonymous words (Gen_4:23,Gen_4:24.Psa_1:1).
2. Simple antithetic, or opposite. When the words are contrasted in the two or more lines, being opposed in sense the one to the other (Pro_10:1).
3. Simple synthetic, or constructive. When the parallelism consists only in the similar form of construction (Psa_19:7 - Psa_19:9).
4. Complex alternate. When the lines are placed alternately (Gen_19:25.Pro_24:19,Pro_24:20).
5. Complex repeated alternation. The repetition of two parallel subjects in several lines (Isa_65:21,Isa_65:22).
6. Complex extended alternation. Alternation extended so as to consist of three or more lines (Jdg_10:17).
7. Complex introversion. When the parallel lines are so placed that the first corresponds with the last, the second with the last but one, etc. (Gen_3:19. 2Ch_32:7,2Ch_32:8).
* Correspondence. This term is applied to repetition of a subject or subjects, which reappear in varying order, thus determing the "Structure" of any portion of the Sacred Text. This Correspondence is found in the folowing forms:-
1. Alternate. Where the subjects of the alternate members correspond with each other, either by way of similarity or contrast.
1. Extended. Where there are two series, but each consisting of several members (Psa_72:2 - Psa_72:17. Psa_132:1-18.).
2. Repeated. Where there are more than two series of subjects, either consisting of two members each (Psa_26:1-12. Psa_145:1-21.), or consisting of more than two members each (Psa_24:1-10).
2. Introverted. Where the first subject of the one series of members corresponds with the last subject of the second (Gen_43:3 - Gen_43:5.Lev_14:51,Lev_14:52).
3. Complex or Combined. Where both Alternation and Introversion are combined together in various ways (Exo_20:8 - - Exo_20:11.Psa_105:1-45).
2. AFFECTING THE SENSE (Figures of Rhetoric)
1. REPETIO; or, REPETITON (2Ch_20:35 - 2Ch_20:37. Joh_14:1 - Joh_14:4). Repetition of the same word or words irregularly in the same passage.
* Pros-a-po'-do-sis; or, Detailing (Joh_16:8 - Joh_16:11). A return to previous words or subjects for purposes of definition or explanation.
* EPIDIEGESIS: or, Re-Statement.
* EPEXEGESIS: or, Fuller Explaining.
* Ex-er-gas'-i-a; or Working Out (Zec_6:12,Zec_6:13). A repetition so as to work out or illustrate what has already been said.
* Ep'-i-mo-ne; or, Lingering (Joh_21:15 - Joh_21:17). Repetition in order to dwell upon, for the sake of impressing.
* Her-men'-ei-a; or, Interpretation (Joh_7:39). An explanation immediately following a statement to make it more clear.
* Bat-to-log'-i-a; or, Vain Repetition (1Ki_18:26). Not used by the Holy Spirit: only by man.
2. AMPLIFICATIO
* Ple'-on-asm; or, Redundancy Where what is said is, immediately after, put in another or opposite way to make it impossible for the sense to be missed.
The Figure may affect (1) words (Gen_16:8); or (2) sentences (Gen_1:20. Deu_32:6).
* Per-i'-phras-is; or, Circumlocution (Gen_20:16. Jdg_5:10). When a description is used instead of the name.
* Hy-per'-bo-le; or Exaggeration (Gen_41:47. Deu_1:28). When more is said than is literally meant.
* An-ab'-a-sis; or, Gradual Ascent (Psa_18:37,Psa_18:38). An increase of emphasis or sense in successive sentences.
* Cat-a'-bas-is; or, Gradual Descent (Php_2:6 - Php_2:8). The opposite of Anabasis. Used to emphasise humiliation, sorrow, etc.
* Me-ris'-mos; or, Distribution (Rom_2:6 - Rom_2:8). An enumeration of the parts of a whole which has been just previously mentioned.
* Syn'-ath-roes'-mos; or, Enumeration (1Ti_4:1 - 1Ti_4:3). The enumeration of the parts of a whole which has not been mentioned.
* Ep'-i-troch-as'-mos; or Summarising (Heb_11:32). A running lightly over by way of summary.
* Di-ex'-od-os; or, Expansion (Jud_1:12,Jud_1:13). A lengthening out by copious exposition of facts.
* Ep-i'-the-ton; or, Epithet (Gen_21:16. Luk_22:41). The naming of a thing by describing it.
* Syn'-the-ton; or, Combination (Gen_18:27). A placing together of two words by usage.
* HORISMOS: or, Definition.
3. DESCRIPTIO
* Hy'-po-ty-po'-sis; or, Word Picture (Isa_5:26 - Isa_5:30). Representation of objects or actions by words.
* Pros'-o-po-graph'-i-a; or, Description of Persons (Mat_3:4). A vivid description of a person by detailed delineation.
* EFFICTIO: or, Word-Portrait
* CHARACTERISMOS: or, Description of Character
* Eth'-o-poe'-i-a; or, Description of Manners (Isa_3:16). A description of a person's peculiarities as to manners, caprices, habits, etc..
* Path'-o-poe'-i-a; or, Pathos (Luk_19:41,Luk_19:42). The expression of feeling or emotion.
* Mi-me-sis; or, Description of Sayings (Exo_15:9). Used when the sayings and etc., of another are described or imitated by way of emphasis.
* Prag'-mato-graph-i-a; or Description of Actions (Joe_2:1 - Joe_2:11).
* Chron'-o-graph'-i-a; or, Description of Time (Joh_10:22). The teaching of something important by mentioning the time of an occurrence.
* Per-i'-stas-is;or, Description of Circumstances (Joh_4:6).
* Pro'-ti-me-sis; or, Description of Order (1Co_15:5 - 1Co_15:8). The enumeration of things according to their places of honour or importance.
4. CONCLUSIO
* Ep'-i-cri'-sis; or, Judgement (Joh_12:33). A short sentence added at the end by way of an additional conclusion.
* Ep-i'-ta-sis; or, Amplification (Exo_3:19). Where a concluding sentence is added by way of increasing the emphasis.
* An'-e-sis; or Abating (2Ki_5:1). The addition of a concluding sentence which diminishes the effect of what has been said.
* Ep'-i-pho-ne'-ma; or, Exclamation (Psa_135:21). An exclamation at the conclusion of a sentence.
* Pro-ec'-the-sis; or Justification (Mat_12:12). A sentence added at the end by way of justification.
* Ep'-i-ther-a-pei'-a; or, Qualification (Php_4:10). A sentence added at the end to heal, soften, mitigate, or modify what has been before said.
* Exemplum ; or, Example (Luk_17:32). Concluding a sentence by employing an example.
* Sym'-per-as'-ma; or, Concluding Summary (Mat_1:17). When what has been said is briefly summed up.
5. INTERPOSITIO
* Par-en'-the-sis; or, Parenthesis (2Pe_1:19). Insertion of a word or sentence, parenthetically, which is necessary to explain the context.
* Ep'i-tre-chon; or, Running Along (3Jn_1:2:9). A sentence, not complete in itself, thrown in as an explanatory remark. A form of Parenthesis (see below).
* Cat'-a-ploc'-e; or, Sudden Exclamation (Eze_16:23). This name is given to a parenthesis when it takes the form of a sudden exclamation.
* Par-em'-bol'-e; or, Insertion (Php_3:18,Php_3:19). Inseration of a sentence between others which is independent and complete in itself.
* In'-ter-jec'-ti-o; or, Interjection (Psa_42:2). Parenthetic addition by way of feeling.
* E-jac'-u-la'-ti-o; or, Ejaculation (Hos_9:14). A parenthesis which consists of a short wish or prayer.
* Hy-po-ti-me'-sis; or, Under Estimating (Rom_3:5). Parenthetic addition by way of apology or excuse.
* ANAERESIS: or, Detraction.
6. RATIOCINATIO
* PARADIEGESIS: or, A Bye-Leading.
* SUSTENTATIO: or, Suspense.
* Par-a-leips-is; or, a Passing By (Heb_11:32). When a wish is expressed to pass by a subject, which is, notwithstanding, briefly alluded by subsequently.
* PROSLEPSIS: or, Assumption.
* Ap-o'-phas-is; or, Insinuation (Phm_1:19.). When, professing to suppress certain matters, the writer adds the insinuation negatively.
* CATAPHASIS: or, Affirmation.
* ASTEISMOS: or, Politeness.
PART THREE - Figures Involving Change
1. AFFECTING THE MEANING OF WORDS
* ENALLAGE: or, Exchange.
* ANTEMEREIA: or, Exchange of Parts of Speech
* Ant'-i-ptos'-is; or, Exchange of Cases (Exo_19:6, compare to 1Pe_2:9). One Case is put for another Case, the governing Noun being used as the Adjective instead of the Noun in regimen.
* Het'-er-o'-sis; or, Exchange of Accidence. Exchange of one voice, mood, tense, person, number, degree, or gender for another.
1. Of forms and voices (1Pe_2:6).
2. Of moods (Gen_20:7. Exo_20:8).
3. Of tenses (Gen_23:11.Matthew 3:18).
4. Of persons (Gen_29:27. Dan_2:36).
5. Of adjectives (degree) and adverbs (2Ti_1:18).
6. Of nouns (number), adjectives, and pronouns (Gen_3:8. Heb_7:7).
* Hyp-al'-la-ge; or, Interchange (Gen_10:9. 1Ki_17:4). A word logically belonging to one connection is grammatically united with another.
* Met-o'-ny-my; or, Change of Noun When one name or noun is used instead of another, to which it stands in a certain relation.
1. Of the Cause. When the cause is put for the effect (Gen_23:8. Luk_16:29).
2. Of the Effect. When the effect is put for the cause producing it (Gen_25:23.Act_1:18).
3. Of the Subject. When the subject is put for something pertaining to it (Gen_41:13.Deu_28:5).
4. Of the Adjunct. When something pertaining to the subject is put for the subject itself (Gen_28:22.Job_32:7).
* Met'-a-lep'-sis; or, Double Metonymy (Gen_19:8. Ecc_12:6. Hos_14:2). Two metonymies, one contained in the other, but only one expressed.
* Syn-ec'-do-che; or, Transfer The exchange of one idea for another associated idea.
1. Of the Genus. When the genus is put for the species, or universals for particulars (Gen_6:12.Mat_3:5).
2. Of the Species. When the species is put for the genus, or particulars for universals (Gen_3:19. Mat_6:11).
3. Of the Whole. When the whole is put for a part (Gen_6:12).
4. Of the Part. When a part is put for the whole (Gen_3:19. Mat_27:4).
* Hen-di'-a-dys; or, Two for One (Gen_2:9. Eph_6:18). Two words used, but one thing meant.
* Hen-di'-a-tris; or, Three for One (Dan_3:7). Three words used, but one thing meant.
* Cat'-a-chres-is; or, Incongruity One word used for another, contrary to the ordinary usage and meaning of it.
1. Of two words, where the meanings are remotely akin (Lev_26:30).
2. Of two words, where the meanings are different (Exo_5:21).
3. Of one word, where the Greek receives its real meaning by permutation from another language (Gen_1:5.Mat_8:6).
* Met-al'-la-ge; or, a Changing Over (Hos_4:18). A different subject of thought substituted for the original subject.
* Ant'-o-no-ma'-si-a or, Name Change (Gen_31:21). The putting of a proper name for a Appellative or common Noun, or the reverse.
* Eu'-phem-is'-mos; or, Euphemy (Gen_15:15). Where a pleasing expression is used for one that is unpleasant.
* APLIATIO: or, Adjournment
* Ant-i'-phras-is; or, Permutation (Gen_3:22). The use of a word or phrase in a sense opposite to its original signification.
2. AFFECTING THE ARRANGEMENT AND ORDER OF WORDS
1. SEPARATE WORDS
* Hyp-er'bat-on; or, Transposition (Rom_5:8). The placing of a word out of its usual order in a sentence.
* An-a'-stro-phe; or, Arraignment (Act_7:48). The position of one word changed, so as to be out of its proper or usaul place in a sentence.
* Syl-leps'-is(2); or, Change in Concord (Joh_21:12). A change in the grammatical concord in favour of a logical concord.
* Tme'-sis; or, Mid-Cut (Eph_6:8). A change by which one word is cut in two, and another word put in between.
2. SENTENCES AND PHRASES
* HYSTERON-PROTERON: or, The Last, First.
* Hys'-ter-o-log'-ia; or, The First Last (Gen_10:1-32 and 11. 2Sa_24:1-25). A prior mention of a subsequent event.
* Hys'-ter-e-sis; or, Subsequent Narration (Gen_31:7, Gen_31:8. Psa_105:8). When later record gives supplemental or new particulars, not inserted in the historical record.
* Sim'-ul-ta'-ne-um; or Insertion (Rev_16:13 - Rev_16:16). A kind of historical parenthesis, an event being put out of its historical place between two others which are simultaneous.
* Ant-i'-thes-is; or, Contrast (Pro_15:17). A setting of one phrase in contrast with another.
* E-nan-ti-o'-sis; or, Contraries (Luk_7:44 - Luk_7:46). Affirmatation or negation by contraries.
* An'-a-co-lu'-thon; or, Non-Sequence (Gen_35:3.Mar_11:32). A breaking off the sequence of thought.
3. AFFECTING THE APPLICATION OF WORDS
1. AS TO SENSE
* Sim'-i-le; or, Resemblance (Gen_25:25.Mat_7:24 - Mat_7:27). A declaration that one thing resembles another. (Compare Metaphor, above.)
* Syn'-cri-sis; or, Repeated Simile (Isa_32:2). Repetition of a number of resemblances.
* Met'-a-phor' or, Representation (Mat_26:26). A declaration that one thing is (or represents) another: while Simile resembles it, and Hypocatastasis implies it.
* Hy'-po-cat-as'-ta-sis; or, Implication (Mat_15:13; Mat_16:6). An implied resemblance or representation.
* Al'-le-go-ry; or, Continued Comparison by Reprensentation (Metaphor) (Gen_49:9. Gal_4:22,Gal_4:24), and Implication (Hypocatastasis) (Mat_7:3 - Mat_7:5). Teaching a truth about one thing by substituting another for it which is unlike it.
* Par-a-bol-a; or, Parable i.e., Continued Simile (Luk_14:16 - Luk_14:24). Comparison by continued resemblance.
* APOLOGUE: or, Fable
* Par-oe'-mi-a; or Proverb (Gen_10:9. 1Sa_10:12). A wayside-saying in common use.
* Type (Rom_5:14). A figure or ensample of something future, and more or less prophetic, called the Anti-type.
* Symbol (Isa_22:22). A material object substituted for a moral, or spiritual truth.
* Æ or, Dark Saying (Gen_49:10. Jdg_14:14). A truth expressed in obscure language.
* Po-ly-o-ny'-mi-a; or, Many Names (Gen_26:34,Gen_26:35. 2Ki_23:13). Persons or places mentioned under different names.
* Gno'-me; or, Quotation The citation of a well-known saying without quoting the author's name.
1. Where the sense originally intended is preserved, though the words may vary (Mat_26:31).
2. Where the original sense is modified in the quotation or reference (Mat_12:40).
3. Where the sense is quite different from that which was first intended (Mat_2:15).
4. Where the words are from the Hebrew or from the Septuagint (Luk_4:18).
5. Where the words are varied by omission, addition, or transposition (1Co_2:9).
6. Where the words are changed by a reading, or an inference, or in number, person, mood, or tense. (Mat_4:7).
7. Where two or more citations are amalgamated (Mat_21:13).
8. Where Quotations are from books other than the Bible (Act_17:28).
o CHREIA
o NOEMA
o ACCOMODATIO
* AMPHIBIOLOGIA: or, Double Meaning.
* Ei'-ron-ei-a; or, Irony. The expression of thought in a form that naturally conveys its opposite.
1. Divine Irony. Where the speaker is Divine (Gen_3:22.Jdg_10:14).
2. Human Irony. Where the speaker is a human being ( Job_12:2).
3. Peirastic Irony. By way of trying or testing (Gen_22:2).
4. Simulated Irony. Where the words are used by man in dissimulation (Gen_37:19. Mat_27:40).
5. Deceptive Irony. Where words are clearly false as well as hypocritical (Gen_3:4,Gen_3:5.Mat_2:8).
o Ant-i'-phras-is; or, Permutation (Gen_3:22). The use of a word or phrase in a sense opposite to its original signification.
PERMUTATIO
o SARCASMOS
* Ox'-y-mor-on; or Wise-Folly (1Ti_5:6). A wise saying that seems foolish.
* Id-i-o'-ma; or, Idiom The peculiar usage of words and phrases, as illustrated in the language peculiar to one nation or tribe, as opposed to other languages or dialects.
1. Idiomatic usage of verbs (Gen_42:38. 1Jn_1:10).
2. Special idiomatic usages of nouns and verbs (Gen_33:11.Jer_15:16).
3. Idiomatic degrees of comparison (Luk_22:15).
4. Idiomatic use of prepositions (Luk_22:49).
5. Idiomatic use of numerals (Psa_103:2).
6. Idsiomatic forms of quotations (Psa_109:5).
7. Idiomatic forms of question (Luk_22:49).
8. Idiomatic phrases (Gen_6:2, Gen_6:4.Mat_11:25).
9. Idioms arising from other figures of speech (see notes in margin).
10. Chages of usage of words in the Greek language (Gen_43:18. Mat_5:25).
11. Changes of usage of words in the English language (Gen_24:21. 2Ki_3:9).
2. AS TO PERSONS
* Pros'-o-po-poe'-i-a; or, Personification Things represented as persons.
1. The members of the human body (Gen_48:14.Psa_35:10).
2. Animals (Gen_9:5.Job_12:7).
3. The products of the earth (Nah_1:4).
4. Inanimate things (Gen_4:10).
5. Kingdoms, countries, and states (Psa_45:12).
6. Human actions, etc., attributed to things, etc. (Gen_18:20. Psa_85:10).
* Ant'-i-pros-o'-po-poe-i-a; or Anti-Personification (2Sa_16:9). Persons represented as inanimate things.
* An-throp'-o-path-ei'-a; or, Condescension (Gen_1:2; Gen_8:21.Psa_74:11.Jer_2:13.Hos_11:10). Ascribing to God what belongs to human and rational beings, irrational creatures, or inanimate things.
* Ant-i-met-a-the'-sis; or, Dialogue (1Co_7:16). A transference of speakers; as when the reader is addressed as if actually present.
* Association; or, Inclusion (Act_17:27). When the speaker associates himself with those whom he addresses, or of whom he speaks.
* Ap-o'-stro-phe; or, Apostrophe When the speaker turns away from the real auditory whom he is addressing to speak to another, who may be-
1. God (Neh_6:9).
2. Men (2Sa_1:24,2Sa_1:25).
3. Animals (Joe_2:22).
4. Inanimate things (Jer_47:6).
* Par-ec'-bas-is; or, Digression (Gen_2:8 - Gen_2:15). A temporary turning aside from one subject to another.
3. AS TO SUBJECT-MATTER
* Met-a'-bas-is; or, Transition (1Co_12:31). A passing from one subject to another.
* Ep'-an-or-tho-sis; or, Correction (Joh_16:32). A recalling of what has been said in order to substitute something stronger in its place.
* Am'-phi-di-or-tho'-sis; or, Double Correction (1Co_11:22). A correction setting right both hearer and speaker.
* ATACHORESIS: or, Regression.
4. AS TO TIME
* Pro-lep's-is, (Ampliatio); or, Anticipation (Heb_2:8). Anticipating what is going to be, and speaking of future things as present.
5. AS TO FEELING
* Path'-o-poe'-i-a; or, Pathos (Luk_19:41,Luk_19:42). The expression of feeling or emotion.
* ATEISMOS: or, Urbanity.
* An'-a-mne'-sis; or, Recalling (Rom_9:3). An expression of feeling by way of recalling to mind.
* Ben'-e-dic'-ti-o; or, Blessing (Gen_1:22,Gen_1:28. Mat_5:3 - Mat_5:11). An expression of feeling by way of benediction or blessing.
* Eu'-che; or, Prayer (Isa_64:1,Isa_64:2). An expression of feeling by way of prayer,curse, or imprecation.
* Par'-ae-net'-ic-on; or, Exhortation (1Ti_2:1-15). An expression of feeling by way of exhortation.
* Oe'-on-is'-mos; or, Wishing (Psa_55:6). An expression of feeling by way of wishing or hoping for a thing.
* Thau-mas'-mos; or, Wondering (Rom_11:33). An expression of feeling by way of wonder.
* Pae-sn'-si'-mos; or, Exultation (Zep_3:14). Calling on others to rejioce over something.
* As'-ter-is'-mos; or, Indicating (Psa_133:1). Employing some word which directs special attention to some paticular point or subject.
* Ec'-pho-ne'-sis; or, Exclamation (Rom_7:24). An outburst of words, prompted by emotion.
* A-po'-ria; or, Doubt (Luk_16:3). An expression of feeling by way of doubt.
* Ep'-i-ti-me'-sis; or, Reprimand (Luk_24:25). An expression of feeling by way of censure, reproof, or reproach.
* El-eu'-ther-i'-a; or, Candour (Luk_13:32). The speaker, without intending offence, speaks with perfect freedom and boldness.
* Ag'-an-ac-te'-sis; or Indignation (Gen_3:13.Act_13:10). An expression of feeling by way of indignation.
* APOSIOXIS: or, Detestation.
* Dep-re-ca'-ti-o; or, Deprecation (Exo_32:32). An expression of feeling by the way of deprecation.
* Di'-a-syrm-os; or, Raillery (Mat_26:50). Tearing away disguise, and showing up a matter as it really is.
* CATAPLEXIS: or, Menace.
* Ex'-ou-then-is'-mos; or, Contempt (2Sa_6:20). An expression of feeling by way of contempt.
* Mal'-e-dic'-ti-o; or, Imprecation (Isa_3:11). Expression of feeling by way of malediction and execration.
* De'-i-sis; or, Adjuration (Deu_4:26). An expression of feeling by oath or asseveration.
* Chleu-as'-mos; or, Mocking (Psa_2:4). An expression of feeling by mocking and jeering.
6. AS TO ARGUMENTATION
* Er'-o-te-sis; or, Interrogating (Gen_13:9. Psa_35:10). The asking of questions, not for information, or for an answer. Such questions may be asked (1) in positive affirmation, (2) in negative affirmation, (3) in afffirmative negation, (4) in demonstration, (5) in wonder and admiration, (6) in rapture, (7) in wishes, (8) in refusals and denials, (9) in doubts, (10) in admonition, (11), in expostulation, (12) in prohibition or dissuasion, (13) in pity and commiseration, (14) in disparagement, (15) in reproaches, (16) in lamentation, (17) in indignation, (18) in absurdities and impossibilities, (19) double questions.
* Di'-a-log-is-mos; or, Dialogue (Isa_63:1 - Isa_63:6). When one or more persons are represented as speaking about a thing, instead of saying it oneself.
* DIANOEA: or, an Animated Dialogue.
* Affirmatio; or, Affirmation (Php_1:18). Emphasising words to affirm what no one has disputed.
* Neg-a'-ti-o; or, Negattion (Gal_2:5). A denial of that which has not been affirmed.
* Ac-cis'-mus ; or, Apparent Refusal (Mat_15:22 - Mat_15:26). So named because it is an apparent or assumed refusal.
* Æ or Cause Shown (Rom_1:16). Rendering a reason for what is said or done.
* Ant-eis'-a-go-ge; or, Counter Question (Mat_21:23 - Mat_21:25). The answering of one quetion by asking another.
* ANISTROPHE: or Retort.
* Ant-i-cat'-e-gor'-ia; or, Tu Quoque (Eze_18:25). Retorting upon another the very insinuation or accusation he has made against us.
* Met-a-sta-sis; or, Counter-Blame (1Ki_18:17,1Ki_18:18). A transferring of the blame from one's self to another.
* An'-a-coe-no-sis; or, Common Cause (1Co_4:21). An appeal to others as having interests in common.
* Syn'-cho-re'-sis; or, Concession (Hab_1:13). Making a concession of one point in order to gain another.
* Ep-i'-trop-e; or, Admission (Ecc_11:9). Admission of wrong, in order to gain what is right.
* PAROMOLOGIA: or, Confession.
* Pro'-ther-a-pei'-a; or, Conciliation (Mat_19:16). Conciliating others, by way of precaution, because of something we are about to say.
* PRODIORTHOSIS: or, Warning.
* Pal'-in-od'-i-a; or, Retracting (Rev_2:6). Approval of one thing after reproving for another thing.
* Pro-lep's-is, (Occupatio); or, Anticipation. Answering an argument by anticipating it before it is used.
1. Open. When the anticipated objection is both answered and stated (Mat_3:9).
2. Closed. When the anticipated objection is either not plainly stated or not answered (Rom_10:18).
http://www.godstruthfortoday.org/Library/bullinger/FiguresOfSpeech.html