rain ... former ... latter - The “former” falls from the middle of October to the beginning of December. The “latter,” or spring rain in Palestine, falls before harvest in March and April, and is essential for ripening the crops (Deu 11:14; Joe 2:23).
weeks of ... harvest - the seven weeks between passover and pentecost, beginning on the sixteenth of Nisan (Deu 16:9). By God’s special providence no rain fell in Palestine during the harvest weeks, so that harvest work went on without interruption (see Gen 8:22).