Two at least were required to establish any charge (; ; ; ). So in the Christian church (). Written evidence in the case of divorce, not as among the Bedouins and Mussulmen a mere spoken sentence (; ). Also in civil contracts (; -16). The witnesses were the first to execute sentence (; ). False witness was punished with the same penalty as the offence witnessed to. Withholding witness was penal (). The term martyr, "witness," came to mean in Christian times one who attests the truth by suffering (; ; compare ; ; ; ; Hebrew 11; ).