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1Pe 2:13. Πάσῃ ἀνθρωπίνῃ κτίσει, to every creation of man) A king or Cæsar is called a creation, and so are governors sent by him; the abstract being put by Metonymia for the concrete, as in political language the phrase, cine Creator, to create a magistrate, is often used (comp. κτίσις, a building, Heb 9:11): hence the word every is divided by the words, whether, or. And they are called creations of man, because they govern the affairs of men, after the manner of men: which saying savours of the heavenly perception (sense) of the apostle, raised above all human things. And under this very name, they who have attained to the nobility of faith, might look down upon the whole of that creation. Peter guards against this, and orders them to submit themselves, for the sake of the Lord Christ, who once became subject, though all things are subject to Him.-διὰ, on account of) The highest obligation, by the name of Jesus Christ, whose honour is at stake.-βασιλεῖ, to the king) Cæsar. For they were Roman provinces into which Peter was sending. The Jewish zealots refused obedience.-ὑπερέχοντι, supreme) Among the French, Souverain.