1. Concurrence of all things with the call of God points out the time of man’s obedience to him.
2. He that hath God’s call for himself and others to any undertaking should prepare first for it.
3. It concerns husbands and fathers to provide for convenient motions of wives and children upon God’s call (Gen_31:17).
4. Prudence teacheth men to order all their substance as motions rightly upon God’s call.
5. Justice will suffer no man to take anything but that which is his own.
6. Courage becometh God’s servants to break through all difficulties to follow God (Gen_31:18) and go where He calleth them. (G. Hughes, B. D.)
Lessons
1. Providence finds work to call off such as would hinder obedience to His work from His servants.
2. Hard it is for souls bred up in superstition to be wholly taken off from it.
3. There may be a temptation upon children to rob parents, but it is grievous wickedness.
4. Hearts not purged will have their superstitions and means of will-worship, though they steal them.
5. God suffers such irregular practices in good families sometimes for the trial of His own (Gen_31:19). (G. Hughes, B. D.)
Lessons
1. Providence directs God’s servants to prudence for escaping the hands of wicked men at His call.
2. It is no iniquity, not to declare God’s call and way to such as would oppose them (Gen_31:20).
3. Flight is not unbeseeming saints from under the hands of oppressors when God calleth to 2:4. Difficult passages God’s servants find sometimes in following God’s call.
5. No difficulties should discourage where God appears to warrant man’s motions.
6. Man’s face should be set to that mark which God points him out in his pilgrimage (Gen_2:21). (G. Hughes, B. D.)
Lessons
1. Providence ordereth tidings of His delivering His servants, to come to their enemies when they are not to be hindered by them (Job_5:12; Job_5:10).
2. Tidings of mercy to saints may come to the wicked soon enough to try them (Gen_31:22). (G. Hughes, B. D. )
The Teraphim
Rachel stole the Teraphim, either, as has been advanced, because she wished to prevent Laban’s consulting them on the direction of their flight, or to secure their guardianship for a journey apparently fraught with difficulties and dangers. The value of the precious metal of which the idol might have been made was certainly a temptation subordinate to the superstitious motive. The example given by Jacob with regard to the worship of God, had manifestly exercised a greater influence upon Leah than upon Rachel; though both, therefore, acknowledged, in Jacob’s blessing, the will and favour of God, and urged him to follow the Divine directions (Gen_31:16), Rachel continued to attach a high value to dumb images, and regarded herself safe only under the guardianship of her own gods. Our knowledge concerning the shape of the Teraphim is very limited. They resembled the form of man (1Sa_19:13), either consisting of the entire human body, or only of head and breast. They were made of various materials, and not unfrequently of silver, two hundred shekels of which were employed for one statue (Jdg_17:4). Our information is more accurate respecting the use and nature of the Teraphim. But we must distinguish between the earlier and later history of the Hebrews. The origin of the Teraphim seems to have been in Mesopotamia or Chaldea, a supposition probable from our passage, and from a later allusion in which the Babylonian king is related to have consulted them (Eze_21:26). Although no doubt comprised amongst the idols which Jacob is recorded to have removed in Shechem (Gen_35:4), they long remained in favour among his descendants; and while the Hebrews were always conscious of their crime whenever they worshipped other gods, they do not seem to have regarded the adoration of the Teraphim as equally reproachful. On this point, the history of Micah is highly instructive (Jdg_18:1-31.). It shows clearly, that the Teraphim were considered as tutelar deities, fully compatible with the homage solely due to the Lord; that they were used, by many, as oracles, like the Urim and Thummim, or like the Ark of the Covenant; and that they were deemed sacred and lawful, if but a descendant of Aaron performed the ministerial functions: they implied a transgression of the second, not of the first commandment. Thus we account for the fact, otherwise most strange, that the prophet Hosed enumerates the Teraphim among the boons of which the disobedient Israelites would be deprived (3:4); he threatens them with the dissolution of national and of family life; he predicts, that princes and sacrifices will disappear, and together with them their own domestic gods, the Teraphim, who, therefore, have there a political and social rather than a religious import. The prophet does not hesitate to mention them, because they were evidently in his time still considered as the mildest and most harmless form of idolatry. But gradually, when the pure doctrines of Mosaism began to be enforced with greater rigour, the Teraphim were naturally included among the objects of religious aversion; even the author of the Book of Judges, who wrote in the latest times of the monarchy (Jdg_18:30), inserted in his truthful narrative a remark of disapproval: “in those days there was no king in Israel, every one did what was right in his own eyes” (17:6); when king Josiah established the strict worship of monotheism, he destroyed among the other idols, the Teraphim also (2Ki_8:24); and, perhaps, exactly because they were considered as almost innocent images, the later writers were extremely severe in denouncing them: the crime of obstinacy against the Divine will is compared to the idolatry of the Teraphim (1Sa_15:23); they are classed among the “detestations and abominations” (2Ki_13:24); their oracles are described not only as falsehood, but as wickedness; they lead astray those who consult them like sheep which have no shepherd (Zec_10:2); and they are attributed to the Babylonian monarch together with his other absurd modes of divination, as the auguries taken from “looking in the liver” (Eze_21:26; Eze_21:28). (M. M. Kalisch, Ph. D.)
