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á . The Anointing of David in Hebron, and his Removal thence to Jerusalem: 1Ch_11:1-9
4And David went and all Israel to Jerusalem, that is, Jebus; and there the Jebusites were the inhabitants of the land. 5And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not come hither; and David took the castle of Zion: this is the city of David. 6And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain; and Joab the son of Zeruiah went up first, and became chief. 7And David dwelt in the castle; therefore they called it the city of David. 8And he built the city around, from Millo to the 9circuit; and Joab repaired the rest of the city. And David became greater and greater; and Jehovah Zebaoth was with him.
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15And three of the thirty chiefs went down the rock to David, to the cave of Adullam; and the camp of the Philistines was in the valley of Rephaim. 16And David was then in the hold, and a post of the Philistines was then at Bethlehem. 17And David longed, and said, Who will give me drink of the water of the well of Bethlehem, that is at the gate? 18And the three brake through the camp of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, at the gate, and took and brought it to David; but David would not drink it, but poured it out to the Lord. 19And said, My God, forbid it me that I should do this thing; shall I drink the blood of these men at the risk of their lives? for at the risk of their lives they brought it: and he would not drink it; these things did the three heroes.
20And Abshai, Joab’s brother, he was chief of the three; and he lifted up his spear against three hundred slain, and had a name among the three. 21Above the three he was honoured among the two, and was their captain; but he attained not to the three, 22Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, son of Ish-hail, great in deeds, from Kabzeel; he smote two [sons] of Ariel of Moab, and he 23went down and smote a lion in a pit in a snowy day. And he smote the Egyptian, a man of stature, of five cubits; and in the hand of the Egyptian was a spear like a weaver’s beam, and he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear from the Egyptian’s hand, and slew him with his own spear. 24These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had a name among the three heroes. Before the thirty, 25behold, he was honoured; but he attained not to the three; and David set him over his guard.
26And the heroes of war were Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan the son 27, 28of Dodo of Bethlehem. Shammoth the Barorite, Helez the Pelonite. Ira 29the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, Abiezer the Antothite. Sibbechai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite. 30Maharai the Netophathite, Heled the son of Baanah the Netophathite. 31Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah, of the sons of Benjamin, 32Benaiah the Pirathonite. Hurai of Nahale-gaash, Abiel the Arbathite. 33Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite. 34The sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan the son of Shageh the Hararite. 35Ahiam the son of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal the son of Ur. 36Hepher the Mecherathite, Ahijah 37, 38the Pelonite. Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai the son of Ezbai. Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar the son of Hagri. 39Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armour-bearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah. 40Ira the Ithrite, 41Gareb the Ithrite. Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai. 42Adina the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a chief of the Reubenites, and thirty with him. 43, 44Hanan the son of Maachah, and Joshaphat the Mithnite. Uzziah the 45Ashterathite, Shama and Jeiel the sons of Hothan the Aroerite. Jediaei 46the son of Shimri, and Joha his brother, the Tizite. Eliel the Mahavim, and Jeribai and Joshaviah the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite. 47Eliel, and Obed, and Jasiel of Hammezobaiah.
1. The Anointing of David at Hebron: 1Ch_11:1-3.—And all Israel gathered to David unto Hebron. The phrase “all Israel” (comp. Ezr_2:70) includes the northern and trans-jordanic tribes; it is therefore not the earlier anointing of David in Hebron by the tribes of Judah only, 2Sa_2:4, which is here reported, but that which was performed after the deaths of Abner and Ishbosheth by all the tribes together, 2Sa_5:1 ff., to which there is a still fuller reference in 1Ch_12:23 ff.—Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh, thy relatives by tribe and blood; comp. Gen_29:14.
1Ch_11:2. Also heretofore, literally, “yesterday and ere yesterday,” that is, a long time since; comp., besides 2Sa_5:2, also Gen_31:2; 2Ki_13:5.—That led Israel out and in, out to the battle, and home after the victory; comp, 1Sa_18:13; 1Sa_18:16.—And the Lord thy God said unto thee, by the mouth of Samuel the prophet; comp. 1Sa_16:1-3; 2Sa_3:9; 2Sa_3:18, etc.
1Ch_11:3. And all the elders of Israel came, as the representatives of the people, to establish the rights of the kingdom (1Sa_8:11; 1Sa_10:25) by contract (by making a covenant or elective treaty).—According to the word of the Lord by Samuel. These words, wanting in the corresponding place in 2Sa_5:3, appear to be an explanatory addition of our author; for it is not probable that they originally stood in the text of Samuel, and fell out by ὁìïéïôÝë . ( ùîåàì — éùøàì ); comp. 1Ch_11:10 with 2Sa_23:8 (against Then.). On the absence of the date here appended in the parallel text 2Sa_5:4 f. as intentional on the part of the writer, who reserves it for 1Ch_29:27, comp. Preliminary Remark.
2. The Taking of Zion, and the Change of Residence to Jerusalem: 1Ch_11:4-9.—To Jerusalem, that is, Jebus; and there the Jebusites were the inhabitants of the land. For this circumlocution 2Sa_5:6 gives more briefly: “to Jerusalem, to the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land.” That the latter reading has been obtained by corruption of the text from the former (Berth., Then.) it is by no means needful to assume; the äִéà éְáåּí after éְøåּùָׁìִַí seems rather to be an addition of the Chronist, serving as a transition from “Jerusalem” to the Jebusites, which then further necessitates the insertion of the notice: “and there the Jebusites were” (properly, the Jebusite was); comp. Wellh. p. 162 f.
1Ch_11:5. And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not come hither. Only the close of this threat, given in full in 2 Samuel, is here recorded, after the abbreviating manner of the author.
1Ch_11:6. Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first. Only these first words of David’s speech occur in 2Sa_5:8, where something quite different is given as spoken by him. “The highly peculiar account in 2Sa_5:8, clearly resting on strictly historical recollection, is obviously the more original and exact. It may well be conceived that in other accounts of the conquest of Jebus, the great captain of David, Joab (in like manner as Othniel, Jdg_1:12 ff., in the conquest of Kiriath-sepher), was mentioned; and a celebrated saying of David in the siege was referred to Joab, not from clear recollection, but from a conjecture which might rest on the account of Joab in 1Ch_11:8. Thus two different accounts of this saying might arise; the simpler, presenting apparently no difficulties, found its way into Chronicles.” Such is Bertheau’s view, at all events more probable than that of Then, on 2 Samuel, who makes the Chronist complete a critically corrupt text on the ground of tradition by conjecture.—And Joab the son of Zeruiah (comp. 1Ch_2:16) went up first and became chief. That this “becoming chief” is only a confirmation of Joab in his previous office is shown by 2Sa_2:3.
1Ch_11:7. And David dwelt in the castle. îְöָã , the same as îְöåּãָä in 1Ch_11:5; comp. 1Ch_12:8; 1Ch_12:16.—Therefore they called it the city of David. According to 2Sa_5:9, David himself gave it this name; but the one does not exclude the other.
1Ch_11:8. And he built the city around, from Millo to the circuit, beginning from Millo, and returning to it in a circuit. Somewhat different is 2Sa_5:9 : “around from Millo and inward; that is, from the circumference to the centre. For the fortress Millo, situated probably on the north-west corner of Zion, comp. Thenius and Bähr on 1Ki_9:11. The name îִìּåֹà signifies filling; that is, probably not wall or sconce, but a strong tower (bastion, castle); comp. áֵּéú îִìּåֹà , 2Ki_12:21 and 2Ch_32:5.—And Joab repaired the rest of the city, properly, “quickened, made alive;” comp. çéä in the same sense, Neh. 3:34, as the similar expression “heal,” 1Ki_18:30. On account of the supposed trace of ancient style contained in the use of çéä for áðä “rebuild, Wellhausen, p. 164, declares this addition peculiar to the Chronist regarding Joab’s co-operation in the building of Jerusalem, especially its fortification, to be not even historically credible. But that çéä in this sense occurs only here and in Nehemiah does not prove the lateness of this usage; and the circumstance that David’s field-marshal took part in the fortification of the capital is so far from being improbable, that the statement seems a genuine trace of ancient history. Wherefore Kennicott’s emendation, accepted by Thenius, is unnecessary: åéåàá éäéä ìùׂø äòéø , “and Joab became governor of the city.”
1Ch_11:9. And David became greater and greater. The construction with äìêְ is like that in Gen_8:3; Gen_8:5; Gen_12:9; Gen_26:13, Jdg_4:24; comp. Ew. § 280, b. On b, comp. 1Ch_9:20. The general remarks of the verse prepare very suitably for the following list of the numerous heroes of David.
3. List of David’s Heroes: 1Ch_11:10-47; and first of Jashobam, Eleazar (and Shammah): 1Ch_11:10-14.—And these are the chief of the heroes of David. By these words, peculiar to the Chronist (the parallel text 2Sa_23:8 opens the list merely with the clause: “and these are the names of the heroes of David”), the communication of the following list is justified, as standing in relation with David’s elevation to the kingdom and confirmation in it. Hence the designation: “chiefs of the heroes,” chief heroes, heroes of the first rank.—Who held fast to him in his kingdom, who stood bravely by him (in common with him) during his reign. äִúְçַæֵּ÷ òִí , as in Dan_10:21.—To make him king. Rightly Keil: “ ìְäַîְìִéëåֹ is not to be limited to the appointment to the kingdon, but includes also confirmation in it; for of the men named, heroic deeds are mentioned, which they performed in the wars which David as king waged with his foes, to maintain and extend his sway.”—By the word of the Lord concerning Israel. Comp. on 1Ch_11:2-3; for the same word of God in and by Samuel is meant here also, as there.
1Ch_11:11. And this is the number of the heroes of David. In 2Sa_23:8 : “and these are the names of the heroes of David.” The term îִñְôַּø instead of ùֵׁîåֹú is not surprising, especially after the plur. àֵìֶּä . If îִñְôַּø be the original, the expression must mean: “that these heroes at first formed a corps definite in number (the thirty)” (Keil). Moreover, Bertheau’s conjecture, îִáְçַø for îñôø (“and this is the choice, the élite, of the heroes”), deserves all attention.—Jashobam son of Hachmoni, the chief of the thirty. After the perhaps right reading here is to be corrected the corrupt éùá áùáú úçëîðé 2Sa_23:8. It remains doubtful, however, in this respect, that Jashobam in 1Ch_27:2 is called son of Zabdiel, not of Hachmoni, and that the mss. of the Sept. differ surprisingly in the writing of the name, inasmuch as cod. Alex, presents ’ ÉóâáÜì ( or ’ ÉóâïÜì , 1Ch_27:2), but Vatic, the first time, 1Ch_11:11, ’ ÉåóáâáäÜ , the second time, 1Ch_27:2, ’ ÉóâïÜæ . Hence Wellhausen (p. 212) might possibly be right in his conjecture, that the true. name may have been “Ishbosheth the Hachmonite” éִùְׁáּùֶׁú äַçַëְîåֹðé , and that the éùáòí of our verse is corrupted from éִùְׁáַּòַì , the well-known by-form or rather primitive form of the name Ishbosheth. The “head of the thirty” (see Crit. Note) is given as an epithet to Jashobam as leader of the thirty heroes of second rank who are set down by name in 1Ch_11:26 ff.—He lifted his spear against three hundred slain at one time. The same heroic deed is recorded, 1Ch_11:20, of Abshai; whence Thenius, Keil, and Wellh., starting from the supposition that Jashobam was a greater hero than Abshai, wish to correct our passage after 2Sa_23:8, where the number of those slain at once by Jashobam is set down as 800 (otherwise Ew. Gesch. 2. p. 603, who defends the number 300 for both places; while Bertheau gives no decision).
1Ch_11:12. And after him Eleazar son of Dodo the Ahohite. äָàֲçåֹçִé is the correct reading, as appears from 1Ch_27:4, not áֶּï àֲçֹçִé 2Sa_23:9. Whether the name ãּåֹãåֹ is to be changed, with the Sept. (as in 1Ch_27:4), into ãּåֹãַé appears less certain.—He was among the three heroes, among the three warriors of the first rank, Jashobam, Eleazar, and Shamma, of whom the name of the third has fallen out of the middle of 1Ch_11:13, as the parallel 2Sa_23:11 shows. On the surprising but still grammatically admissible combination áִּùְׁìåֹùָׁä äַâִּáֹּøִéí instead of áִּùְׁìùֶׁú äâ× (comp. 1Ch_5:19), see Berth., who justly rejects as unnecessary the emendation of Thenius: áְּùָׁìִéùֵׁé äַâִּáֹּøִéí , “among the knights (Shalishim) of the heroes.”
1Ch_11:13. He was with David at Pas-dammim, and the Philistines. These words refer still to Eleazar; see 2Sa_23:9. Pas-dammim, or Ephes-dammim, 1Sa_17:1, is a place between Socho and Azekah, not otherwise known; in 2 Samuel 23 the name is wanting, from the great corruption of the text, which is otherwise fuller than our text here, as it describes more exactly the heroic deed of Eleazar. It is there said, 1Ch_11:9-10, at the close of the sentence “and the Philistines were gathered there for battle:” “and the men of Israel were gone away (to the mountain, fleeing before the Philistines); and he stood and smote the Philistines, until his hand was weary and clave unto the sword; and the Lord wrought a great victory that day; and the people returned after him only to spoil. And after him was Shammah the son of Age the Hararite ; and the Philistines were gathered for battle,” etc. This not inconsiderable gap in our text, by which that which follows in 1Ch_11:13 b and 1Ch_11:14 seems to be a description of a heroic deed, not of Shammah, but of Eleazar, appears to have been occasioned by the eye of the transcriber wandering from áַּôְּìִùְׁúִּéí ðֶ ֽàֶñְôåּ ùָׁí , 2Sa_23:9, to åַéֵּàָ ֽñְôåּ , ôְìִùְׁúִּéí 1Ch_11:11.—And there was a plot of ground full of barley. For barley ( ùְׂòåֹøִéí ) in 2Sa_23:11, the plot is said to be full of lentiles ( òֲãָùִׁéí ) which is the original reading it is hard to decide, but it may be a mere slip of the pen (Movers, Wellh.).—And they stood in the midst of the plot. More correctly 2 Samuel 23 : “and he stood,” namely, Shammah. The two following verbs also, “defended” and smote,” are to be changed into the sing., as, according to 2 Samuel, the one Shammah clearly achieved the successful defence of the plot. The three plurals have come into our text after the lines referring to Shammah had fallen out.
4. Continuation. The Three Heroes who fetched Water to David from Bethlehem: 1Ch_11:15-19 (comp. 2Sa_23:13-17).—And three of the thirty chiefs went down: three other than those already named. The thirty chiefs or captains are those mentioned 1Ch_11:11 and given by name in 1Ch_11:26 ff.—The rock to David, to the cave of Adullam. This cave must have been either in the rock itself or in its immediate neighbourhood. On the rock itself, however, stood the hold ( îְöåּãָä ) mentioned 1Ch_11:16. The valley of Rephaim (valley of giants, êïéëὰò ôῶí ÃéãÜíôùí ; Joseph. Antiq.vii. 4. 1), mentioned as the camping ground of the Philistines, lies, according to Robinson, “between the present convent Mar-Elias and Jerusalem; is wide, bounded on the north by a small ridge of rock, that forms the margin of the valley of Hinnom, and sinks gradually to the south-west” (Winer, Realwörterb. ii. 322); comp. Jos_15:8; Jos_18:16; 2Sa_5:18; 2Sa_5:22.
1Ch_11:16. And a post of the Philistines was then at Bethlehem, which is therefore to be conceived as not far from Adullam and the valley of Rephaim.
1Ch_11:17. Of the well of Bethlehem, at the gate. On the dried-up cistern situated one-quarter hour north-east of Bethlehem, which tradition gives as the well of our passage, see Robinson, ii. 378, and Berth.
1Ch_11:18. And the three brake through the camp of the Philistines, namely, not through the main camp, but that of the post before Bethlehem.—But poured it out to the Lord, made a libation to God by pouring it on the ground; comp. 1Sa_7:6.
1Ch_11:19. My God forbid it me. The same construction as in 1Sa_24:7; 1Sa_26:11, 1Ki_21:3, etc.—Shall I drink the blood of these men at the risk of their lives, literally, “in their souls;” comp. Gen_4:4; Lev_3:17; Lev_7:26; Lev_17:10 ff; Lev_19:26 ff., especially 1Ch_17:14. “As blood and soul are here made equal, the blood as the seat and bearer of the soul, the soul as moving in the blood, so David, according to our report of his words, makes the water which those heroes had brought at the price (or risk) of their souls equal to their souls, and the drinking of the water brought by them equal to the drinking of their souls, and the souls equal to the blood, in order to express his abhorrence of such drinking. So that we may express the meaning thus: Should I drink in the water the souls, that is, the blood, of. these men; for they have fetched the water at the price of their souls?” (Keil). Moreover, áְּðַôְùׁåֹúָí appears to be put down twice only by an oversight; in the parallel 2Sa_23:17 it stands only once, which is perhaps the original form of the text. That David pours the water out instead of drinking has its ground in this, that it was become blood in his eyes; for blood, if it cannot be put on the altar, must be “poured on the earth as water,” Deu_7:16 (Berth.). With the Levitical prohibition of the use of blood, the saying of David has evidently nothing to do.
5. Abshai and Benaiah: 1Ch_11:20-25 (comp. 2Sa_23:18-23).—And Abshai, Joab’s brother, he was chief of the three. Abshai or Abishai (2 Samuel), one of the three sons of Zeruiah (1Ch_2:16), is here designated as chief, and in the following verse as captain, of the three, while it is said of him: “but he attained not to the three.” This enigmatical saying has been explained in various ways: 1. So that two groups or classes of three are distinguished: those mentioned 1Ch_11:15-19, whose head or ruler Abshai may have been, and the three heroes, Jashobam, etc., mentioned before in 1Ch_11:11-14, to whom he was not so related (so in particular the ancients, and Starke). 2. So that it is sought to unite both, the being chief of the three and standing after them (in bravery), as possibly co-existent, though the same three, Jashobam, Eleazar, and Shammah, are still referred to; that is, Abshai has taken, along with Joab the field-marshal, the first place among David’s captains ; is therefore, as having a higher command, the chief and leader of the three heroes, while they excel him in personal bravery and famous deeds (Keil). 3. So that äַùְּׁìåֹùָׁä in 1Ch_11:20-21 is taken in two different senses, in that of the number three (so 1Ch_11:21), and in this of the abstract substantive, “body of thirty, Sheloshah-company” (so the three first times),—a sense that necessarily results from the comparison of 1Ch_11:21 with 1Ch_11:25, and of 2Sa_23:19 with 2Sa_23:23 (Berth.). We shall have the choice between these three modes, unless we prefer the three first times (1Ch_11:20 and 1Ch_11:21 a) to read the pl. äַùְּׁìåֹùָׁéí , for äַùְּׁìåֹùָׁä as Wellhausen (supported by the numerous cases in which these like numbers are exchanged; see pp. 20, 81, 214 ff. of his work) declares to be necessary in the parallel 2 Samuel 23—And he lifted up his spear against three hundred slain; comp. on 1Ch_11:11.
1Ch_11:21. Above the three he was honoured among the two. These enigmatical words in the present form can neither be explained, with the Vulg.: “Of the three of the second class” (inter tres secundos), nor, with the Sept.: “Of the three, above the two was he honoured” ( ê ̓ ðὸ ôῶí ôñéῶí ὑðὲñ ôïὺò äýï ἔíäïîïò ). If the áִּùְׁðַéִí is to be retained as genuine, it must be taken, with Ewald (Lehrb. § 269, b) and Keil, in the sense of “twofold, doubly,” and so rendered: “above the three doubly honoured, he became their chief” (Keil). Or we may read, with Berth., äֲëִé , for áִּùְׁðַéִí according to 2Sa_23:19 (comp. 2Sa_9:1; Gen_27:36; Gen_29:15), and render: “Among the Sheloshah-company certainly he was honoured, and became their captain.”
1Ch_11:22 ff. Benaiah’s Heroic Deeds (comp. 1Ch_18:17, 1Ch_27:6).—Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of Ishhail. So, if we retain áֶּï before àִéùׁÎçַéִì . There is much, however, for its erasure (Berth., Wellh., Kamph.), in which case the sense comes out: “Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, a valiant man of great deeds.” For the home of this Benaiah, Kabzeel in the south of Judah, comp. Jos_15:21; Neh_11:25.—He smote two (sons) of Ariel of Moab, the king of Moab, who bore the epithet àֲøִéàֵì , “lion of God,” as a title of honour. Before àøéàì is to be inserted, with the Sept., áְּðֵé ; comp. Then, and Wellh., 2Sa_23:20.—And he went down and smote a lion. This feat of Benaiah, which happened on a snowy day, and therefore in winter, may have been performed during the great war of David with the Moabites, 2Sa_8:2.
1Ch_11:23. And he smote the Egyptian, a man of stature, or probably, according to the Sept., “a man of repute.” The following particulars of the successful combat of Benaiah with the giant nearly coincide with those of the conflict of David with Goliath, though the differences are not to be overlooked (there a Philistine, here an Egyptian; there a stature of six cubits and a span, here of five cubits; there the weapons are a staff and a sling, here only a staff ; there the slaying of the fallen with his own sword, here with his own spear). if, with the Sept., in 2Sa_23:21 be substituted for the weaver’s beam a “bridge-beam” ( îýëïí äéáâÜèñáò ), as an object of comparison to show the thickness of the spear, the difference of the two narratives would be still greater. But even without this, the similar feats are only so related as Shamgar’s heroic deed to that of Samson (comp. Jdg_3:31 with 1Ch_15:15), or as Jashobam’s valiant deed (with the right reading 800 in 1Ch_11:11) to that of Abshai.
1Ch_11:24-25. For “among the three heroes” and “above the thirty” Berth, would in both cases read “among the Sheloshah-company;” comp. on 1Ch_11:20.—And David set him over his guard, literally, “over his obedience,” that is (abstr. pro concr.), over his obedient, his trusty men; comp., besides 2Sa_23:23, also 1Sa_22:14; Isa_9:14. According to Bertheau’s not improbable conjecture, by this guard of David is meant the corps of the Cerethi and Pelethi (see 2Sa_8:18), from which, however, a second troop of guards, that of the 600 Gibborim (or Gittites, 2Sa_15:18), 2Sa_16:6; 2Sa_20:7, etc., were no doubt different. Commander of the former was Benaiah, according to our passage and 2Sa_8:18 ; over the 600 Gibborim, on the other hand, may have been placed the often named thirty, so that one of the thirty was leader to every twenty of the 600. This assumption of a difference of the Cerethi and Pelethi from the Gibborim is not certain; for as Benaiah, 2Sa_8:18, appears as commander of the Cerethi and Pelethi, he is also, 1Ki_1:10, connected with the Gibborim (Benaiah and the heroes).
6. The Forty-eight Warriors: and first the thirty-two enumerated in 2 Samuel 23.: 1Ch_11:26-41 a. On the sixteen added by the Chronist, 1Ch_11:41 b–47, see No. 7.—And the heroes of war were, or more precisely: “And heroes of war were;” for the phrase åְâִáּåֹøֵé äַֽçֲéָìִéí without the article is a general superscription. The article before çֲéָìִéí constitutes no real difference from âִּáּåֹøֵé çֲéָìִéí 7:5, 7, 11, 40, or from âּ× çַéִì ,1Ch_11:2; 1Ch_11:9, etc. [?] Here, as there, are meant: “heroes in action, valiant heroes,” not “leaders of the divisions,” as Berth, (appealing to 2Ki_15:20, 1Ch_12:8, etc.) thinks.—Asahel the brother of Joab. For him, comp. 1Ch_2:16; for his murder by Abner, 2Sa_2:19 ff. The parallel text 2Sa_23:24 adds to his name áַּùְּׁìùִׁéí , “among the thirty.”—Elhanan the son of Dodo, different from Elhanan son of Jair, 1Ch_20:5.
1Ch_11:27 Shammoth the Harorite. In 2 Samuel 23. this hero is called “Shammah the Harodite,” but in 1Ch_27:8, “Shamhuth the Izrahite.” In the gentilic. äçøåøé there appears at all events to be an error, which is to be corrected by äַֽçֲøֹãִé of Samuel; for in Jdg_7:1 a Jewish place çֲøֹã is expressly mentioned. After the name of this Harodite Shammoth must have fallen out that of a second Harodite Elika ( àֱìִé÷ָà ), as 2Sa_23:25 shows.—Helez the Pelonite. So 1Ch_27:10, whereas in 2Sa_23:26 this Helez is originally designated as a Paltite (of Beth-pelet, áֵּéú ôֶּìֶè , Jos_15:27, Neh_11:26),
1Ch_11:28. Ira and Abiezer; comp. 1Ch_27:9; 1Ch_27:12.
1Ch_11:29. Sibbechai the Hushathite. By the name ñִáְּëַé the suspicious îְáֻðַּé of 2 Samuel must be corrected. Inversely, Ilai ( òִéìַé ) must be amended after the öַìְîåֹï of Samuel.
1Ch_11:31. Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah, of the sons of Benjamin. For the situation of this Gibeah of Benjamin (near Ramah), comp. the expositor on Jos_18:28 and on Jdg_14:19 ff.; for that of the following Pirathon (that occurs also, Jdg_12:13-15, as the home of Abdon), Zeitschr. der Deutschen morgenl. Gesellsch. 1849, p. 55, and particularly Sandreczky in Ausland, 1872, No. 5, p. 97 ff.
1Ch_11:32. Hurai (so read also 2 Samuel for çִãַּé ) of Nahale-gaash. This place, occurring only here (and 2Sa_23:30), properly, “valleys of Gaash,” is at all events to be sought near Mount Gaash in the Ephraimite range, not far from which was Joshua’s grave; comp. Jos_24:30; Jdg_2:9.—Abiel the Arbathite, of Beth-haarabah, Jos_15:6; Jos_15:61; Jos_18:18; Jos_18:23. The name àֲáִéàֵì is in 2 Samuel àֲáִéÎòַìְáּåֹï , which form Berth. takes without ground to be original, while Wellh. rejects both forms, and makes the original to be àֲáִéÎáַòַì .
1Ch_11:33. Azmaveth the Baharumite, that is, he of Bahurim (read äַáַּçֻøִéîִé ); comp. 2Sa_16:5; 2Sa_19:17.—The following gentilic. äַùַּׁòַìְáֹðִé is to be referred to ùַׁòַìְáִּéí , Jdg_1:35, 1Ki_4:9 (or ùַׁòַìַáִּéï , Jos_19:42), and so to be written äַùַּׁòַìְáִּéðִé .
1Ch_11:34. The sons of Hashem the Gizonite. áְּðֵé before äָùֵׁí appears to owe its origin to a repetition of the last three consonants of the foregoing gentilic. äùòìáðé ; and thus originally there was only Hashem the Gizonite, after which 2 Samuel is to be amended: likewise in the following word the corrupt reading there is to be altered into our “Jonathan the son of Shageh the Hararite;” comp. Wellh. p. 216.
1Ch_11:35. Eliphal the son of Ur. 2Sa_23:34 : “Eliphelet the son of Ahasbai.” The original was perhaps (comp. Then, and Berth, on the passage): “Eliphelet the son of Ur.”
1Ch_11:36. Hepher the Mecherathite; perhaps the Maachathite (2 Samuel); as also “Ahijah the Pelonite” (comp. 1Ch_11:27) must perhaps be changed, as in 2 Samuel, into “Eliam, son of Ahithophel the Gilonite.”
1Ch_11:37. Naarai the son of Ezbai. For ðòøé 2 Samuel has ôּòøé for äָàֲøָáִé , áֶּïÎàֶæְáָּé , which is perhaps to be preferred on account of àֲøָá , Jos_15:52.
1Ch_11:38. Joel the brother of Nathan. If Nathan the prophet were meant, the àçé , “brother,” by the side of the usual áֶּïÎ , would lose its strangeness. But in 2Sa_23:36 we find a Nathan of Zobah. Hence àçé is perhaps to be changed into áï ; and éִâְàַì might possibly be more original than our éåֹàֵì .—Mibhar the son of Hagri. for these words 2Sa_23:36 has “Bani the Gadite.” îִáְçָø may have there fallen out; but it may also have been corrupted from îִöֹּáָä . In äâãé (if this, and not äâøé , is to be read) may possibly lie the name of the prophet Gad (Wellh.), so that here two relatives of prophets, a brother (son ?) of Nathan and a son of Gad, may be named together.
1Ch_11:40. Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite. The family of the Ithrites was enumerated, 1Ch_2:53, among those of Kiriath-jearim.
1Ch_11:41. Uriah the Hittite, the husband of Bathsheba, 2Sa_11:3 ff. Here follows in 2Sa_23:39 the closing subscription: “thirty and seven in all,” as, according to the correct text, actually thirty-seven heroes are there enumerated, namely, twenty-nine others besides the eight mightiest heroes named in 1Ch_11:8-23 (Jashobam, Eleazar, Shammah, etc.). These twenty-nine should in the view of the author of the books of Samuel represent those thirty warriors (named in 1Ch_11:25); whence he breaks off his enumeration after Uriah (or perhaps after Gareb, as Wellh. seeks to render probable), although most probably the same list, containing forty-eight names in all, lay before him, which our author has continued from this verse to the end. Moreover, for the criticism of both lists running parallel as far as our verse, the facts brought out by Wellh. (p. 215 f.) are to be considered:—1. “That the heroes are placed in pairs, and often every two from the same city (two Bethlehemites, 1Ch_11:26, two Netophathites, 1Ch_11:30, two Ithrites, 1Ch_11:40); 2. That the adjective of descent is always added, but not regularly the father’s name, to the name of the hero; 3. That thorough corrections are only possible, if we have first collected the whole material of the proper names in the O. T. along with the variants in the Sept., and then elaborated them.” The last rule applies also to the criticism of the following names preserved by the Chronist alone, which in this arrangement have no parallel.
7. The last Sixteen of the Forty-eight Warriors, whom the Chronist alone enumerates: 1Ch_11:41 b–47.
1Ch_11:42. Adina ... a chief of the Reubenites, and thirty with him, or besides him. So, according to the Masoretic reading, åòìéå ; but Berth, prefers that of the Syriac version (see Crit. Note), and so gets the sense: “leader of the Reubenites over thirty,” that is, commander of the thirty captains or heroes of the Reubenites, to which may be compared the thirty leaders of the Benjamites, 1Ch_22:4.
1Ch_11:44. Uzziah the Ashterathite, from Ashteroth (Karnaim) or Beth-Eshterah, a city of East Manasseh, 1Ch_6:56. Whether the “Aroerite” points to Aroer in the tribe of Reuben (Jos_13:16), or in that of Gad (1Ch_11:25), is doubtful.
1Ch_11:46. Eliel the Mahavim. We should probably read “the Mahanaimite ” (Jos_13:26); comp. Crit. Note.
1Ch_11:47. Eliel, and Obed, and Jasiel of Hammezobaiah. The unmeaning äַîְּöֹáָéָä , that by its form cannot be a gentilic., is either to be changed by omitting the article and the penult consonant into îִöֹּáָä , “from Zobah” (comp. 2Sa_23:36) (so Bertheau), or to be regarded as corrupted from a longer name, such as îִâְãָּì öִáְòåּéָà (a place, according to Rabbinic tradition, not far from Hebron), not, however, as a contraction or abbreviation of this name, as Reland (Pal. p. 899). Moreover, the Rabbinic Migdol Zebuiah could scarcely be contemplated, because almost all the sixteen names of our section, from 1Ch_11:41 b on, belong to heroes from the east of Jordan. The Syrian Zobah would suit better in this connection.
Footnotes:
For the Keri äַùָּׁìִéùִׁéí , the Kethib äַùְּׁìåֹùִׁéí is to be retained; comp. 1Ch_11:15; 1Ch_11:25; 1Ch_12:4; 1Ch_12:18; 1Ch_27:6.
For áֶּïÎãּåֹãåֹ the Sept. seems to have read áֶּïÎãּåֹãַé ; comp. 1Ch_27:4.
For the not unimportant gap here, see Exeg. Expl.
For åְìֹà is to be read åְìåֹ , one of the fifteen cases in which this form occurs in the Masoretic text, as Exo_21:10, Isa_63:9. etc.
For îִãָּä must apparently be read, with the Sept. ( ἄíäñá ὅñáôïí ), îַøְàֶä .
Instead of äַֽäֲøåֹøִé read, 2Sa_23:25, äַֽçֲøֹãִé , and as there, supply àֱìִé÷ָà äַֽçֲãֹãִé . For the further conjectural corruption of the text till 1Ch_11:41, comp. Exeg. Expl.
The Sept. and Vulg. appear to have read åòìéå äùׁìùׁéí , like the Masoretic text, but Syr. òַì äùׁìùׁéí ; for it renders thus: “and even he (Adina) was a prince over thirty heroes.”
For äַîֲּֽçֲåִéí the Sept. gives ὁ Ìáùß , the Vulg. Mahumites. The corruption of the name, under which, perhaps, äַîַּֽçֲðַéְîִé is concealed. seems indubitable.
äַîְּöֹáָéָּä is at all events corrupt. Sept. ὁ Ìåóùâßá , Vulg. de Masobia; comp. Exeg. Expl.