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This Chapter Verse Commentaries:
THE ENTANGLEMENT—OR THE CONTROVERSIAL DISCOURSES OF JOB AND HIS FRIENDS
Job 3-28
The Outbreak of Job’s Despair as the Theme and Immediate Occasion of the Colloquy
Job 3
a. Job curses his existence
Job_3:1-10
3 Let the day perish wherein I was born,
and the night in which it was said, There is a man-child conceived!
4 Let that day be darkness;
let not God regard it from above,
neither let the light shine upon it!
5 Let darkness and the shadow of death stain it;
let a cloud dwell upon it;
let the blackness of the day terrify it!
6 As for that night, let darkness seize upon it;
let it not be joined unto the days of the year,
let it not come into the number of the months!
7 Lo, let that night be solitary;
let no joyful voice come therein!
8 Let them curse it that curse the day,
who are ready to raise up their mourning!
9 Let the stars of the twilight thereof be dark;
let it look for light but have none;
neither let it see the dawning of the day!
10 —because it shut not up the doors of my mother’s womb,
nor hid sorrow from mine eyes.
Job_3:11-19
why did I not give up the ghost when I came out of the belly?
12 Why did the knees prevent me?
or why the breasts that I should suck?
13 For now should I have lain still, and been quiet;
I should have slept, then had I been at rest,
14 With kings and counsellors of the earth,
which built desolate places for themselves;
15 or with princes that had gold,
who filled their houses with silver:
16 or as a hidden untimely birth I had not been,
as infants which never saw light.
17 There the wicked cease from troubling,
and there the weary be at rest.
18 There the prisoners rest together;
they hear not the voice of the oppressor.
19 The small and great are there;
and the servant is free from his master.
Job_3:20-26
and life unto the bitter in soul;
21 which long for death, but it cometh not;
and dig for it more than for hid treasures;
22 which rejoice exceedingly,
and are glad, when they can find the grave?
23 Why is light given to a man whose way is hid,
and whom God hath hedged in?
24 For my sighing cometh before I eat,
and my roarings are poured out like the waters.
25 For the thing which I greatly feared is come upon me,
and that which I was afraid of is come unto me.
26 I was not in safety, neither had I rest, neither was I quiet;
yet trouble came!
Job_3:1. After this opened Job his mouth and cursed his day. [ àַçֲøֵéÎëֵï : after the appearance of the friends, their seven days’ silence, and after their conduct had wrought its full effect on the mind of Job.—E. “Opened his mouth; ôָּúַç in conformity to the sensuous and poetic nature of Hebrew speech and thought, which uses the physical action to represent the mental.” Dav.]. “His day,” viz.: his birthday—the day on which he had come into the world. Comp. Job_1:4.
Job_3:2. And Job began and spake.—The verse consists only of these three words: àִéּåֹá åַéּàֹîַø åַéַּòַï . The literal meaning of åַéַּòַï is, “and he answered;” for òָðָä is, in general, to begin to speak when incited to it, whether the antecedent occasion consist of words or of actions; precisely the same as the New Testament ἀðïêñßíåóèáé . [See Conant’s note in loco, proving that “in most of the cases quoted in support of the signification to speak up, to begin speaking (Ges. Lex. 2, and others), the reference to something prior, as the occasion of speaking, is clear, and in all of them there is ground for the writer’s choice of this form of expression.”] Here accordingly it is the persistent and expressive silence of the friends to which Job replies, not to any question, nor to any uttered remark of theirs.— åַéּàֹîַø , with Pattach in the final syllable, although the word is Milel, is found only in the prose captions of the discourses in our book; here, however, in every case: comp. Job_4:1; Job_6:1; Job_8:1, etc.—After these brief words of introduction, begins the poetic part of the book, distinguished by the poetic accentuation of the Masoretes. Comp. Introd. § 3. “From this point on the epic calmness with which the hero has suffered, and the poet told his story, yields to the pathos of the drama.” Dillmann. The contents of this first tragic, high-soaring, poetic discourse of Job are expressly given in the caption in Job_3:1 as being the cursing of the day of his own birth, an ardently expressed longing for death. Comp. Jeremiah’s abbreviated imitation in Job_20:14-18. [“There is a passage of Jeremiah so exactly similar that it might almost be imagined a direct imitation: the meaning is the same, nor is there any very great difference in the phraseology; but Jeremiah fills up the ellipses, smooths and harmonizes the rough and uncouth language of Job, and dilates a short distich into two equal distichs, consisting of somewhat longer verses.… The imprecation of Jeremiah has more in it of complaint than of indignation; it is milder, softer, and more plaintive, peculiarly calculated to excite pity, in moving which the great excellence of this prophet consists: while that of Job is more adapted to strike us with terror than to excite our compassion.” Lowth. And to the same effect Michaelis: Jobi est tragica illa et regia tristitia, dicam, an desperatio: Jeremiæ flebiles elegi, misericordiam provocantes, nec lacrimis major luctus.”] In respect of form, this mournful lamentation, which contains the theme and starting point of the following discussions, falls into three strophes of about equal length; Job_3:3-10; Job_3:11-19; and Job_3:20-26, of which the last alone gives evidence of a slight abridgement at the end, and that no doubt intentional, as the short, blunt breaking off of the second member of Job_3:26, which consists of only two words, åַéָּáֹà øâֶæ , gives us to understand. That, with the majority of modern expositors, we are to adopt this three-fold division of the strophes, and not, with Stickel and Delitzsch, a greater number of divisions, longer or shorter, is made certain by the ìָîָּä , which recurs at the beginning of the 2d and 3d strophes (comp. Introd. l. c.).
2. First Long Strophe: Job curses his existence; Job_3:3-10.—First strophe: Job_3:3-5.
Job_3:3. Perish the day wherein I was born.— éֹàáַã , with Pattahh in the last syllable, the accent having been retracted on account of the tone-syllable following (Ewald, § 139, b).—The elliptical relative clause, àִåָּìֶã áּåֹ , as also the like clause ( àָîַø ) in the following member, are to be explained by the excited, rapid movement of the poetic style. The Imperf. [alias Fut.], (instead of which the parallel passage in Jer_20:14 exhibits the Perf. [Præt.] éֻìַּãְúִּé ), is the Imperf. of the Past, as is àָîåּú , Job_3:11. Comp. Ewald, § 136, b [who calls it the præsens præteriti, àִåָּìֵã = nascendus eram: and see Green, Gr. § 263, Job 5 : “the speaker, by a bold figure, places himself before his birth, and prays that the day which was to give him existence might be annihilated, so that he might be saved from the misery of living.”]—And the night which said: A man-child is conceived.—The night of Job’s conception is poetically personified, as a living being, endowed with the gift of speech (comp. Psa_19:3). It weakens the expression, and furthermore is by no means required by the masc. àîø (for ìַéְìָä is masc.), to supply áַּàֲùֶׁø before àָîַø , “the night in which it was said” (Pesh., Vulg. [E. V.], etc.). In the deep excitement of feeling which now possesses him, all the objects of his thought become living powers, concrete, plastic forms. This is the case here with the night of his conception. For this is the night which is meant—not that of his birth, as the invariable usage of the verb äøä , “to be conceived,” shows. Had the second member been intended to be synonymous in thought and expression with the first, çåìì would have been used, the usual synonym elsewhere in poetry of ðåìã . It is not only the language, however, which may be urged in favor of the literal construction of äֹøָä , but the general style of the discourse, which is characterized by poetic vividness and restless alternation. To this add that in what follows each of these two epochs of the life is made the object of a separate and vehement curse; to wit, first, in Job_3:4-5, the day of birth, and then, in Job_3:6-10, the night of conception. For this sharp and obviously intentional distinction between these two initial points of the life, comp. Psa_51:7. [ âָáֶø , “not a man-child, Eng. Ver., but a man, the name proper to the mature state being applied by anticipation to the infant or embryo. The emphasis is not upon the sex, implying greater joy at the birth of a son than a daughter; Job says, ‘a man,’ because he is speaking of himself.” Green. Heb. Chrest.]
Job_3:4-5. A special curse of the day of birth: an expansion of Job_3:3 a.
Job_3:4. That day—let it be darkness.—Let it be a dies ater s. infaustus. Whether the thought particularly intended is, that at each annual return of the birth-day darkness, that is to say, stormy weather, should prevail instead of bright and clear weather (Hirz., Dillmann), may well be doubted in view of the indefinite brevity of the language. Moreover such a meteorological interpretation would have something trivial about it.—Let not God from above ask after it:i.e. let not God, who is throned on high above (Job_31:2; Job_31:28), interest himself in it from thence (comp. ãøù in Deu_11:12), let him not bring it forth out of its dark hiding-place. [“Let it pass away as a thing lost and unsought.” Con.] And let not light shine forth upon it.— ðְäָøָä , “radiance of light, brightness of day,” found only here; one of the many feminine forms of nouns peculiar to our book, such as òֲðָðָä , Job_3:5; ëִּñְìָä , Job_4:6; úָּäֳìָä , Job_4:18; ãִּáְøָä , Job_5:8 (Hirz.).
Job_3:5. Let darkness and death-shade reclaim it.— âָּàַì , to redeem, reclaim, to make good one’s right to (not= âòì , to defile, Targ.), [“stain” E. V. The expression seems to refer back to Gen_1:2, which mentions the primeval darkness, out of which by the Divine Fiat the light, together with its product, the day, was evolved. That Darkness was thus the original proprietor of the days, and is here called on to reclaim Job’s birth-day. E. “The idea being that that day was a stray portion of the kingdom of death in the midst of light, and to be reclaimed again by death.” Dav.] The conceptions “darkness and death-shade” form a sort of hendiadys, signifying “the thickest darkness, the deepest death-gloom:” comp. Job_10:21; Job_34:22, etc.; also Luk_1:79 ( öìîåú is, with Ew. § 270 c, and with Dillm., to be read öַìְîåּú , and defined “black darkness”). Let clouds encamp above it: continually to hide it [ òððä , collective: úùëå , to pitch one’s tent; fig. for settling or spreading]. Comp. éֹåí òָðָïåַòֲøָôֶì . Joe_2:2.—Let the obscuration of the day terrify it: or literally “the obscurations of the day” [i.e. all that makes a day dark and dismal. E.]. Instead of the ëִּîְøִéøֵé é× of the Masora (to which reading Ges., Schlott., Hahn, adhere: [“the Chireq is an attenuated Pattach from the lessening of the tone in the construct state:” Con.]), we are to read ëִּîְøִéøֵé é× , and take the sing. of this construct plural as a synonym of çַëְìִéì (“duskiness”), a noun of the same formal structure (comp. also ùֵׁôְøִéø , “tapestry,” and other similar words of like structure in Ewald, § 157, a): [“with the third radical repeated, as is customary in words descriptive of color.” Dillmann]. The “darkening,” blackening of the day ( ëַּîְøִéø from the root ëîø , “to be burnt, blackened”) is a result produced in a specially marked and striking manner by the eclipse of the sun; for which reason we are here to associate solar eclipses with the dark mass of clouds, thus intensifying the effect (Olsh., Dillm., Del., etc.). If we adhere to the Masoretic reading we should have to follow Aquila, the Targum, the Vulgate, in translating: terreant eum quasi amaritudines diei [Marg. of E. V.: “let them terrify it, as those who have a bitter day.” Hengst.: “May whatever is bitter to a day terrify it:” according to his explanation, Job would have retribution overtake that day; and as he himself had been filled with bitternesses, he would have the day from which all his sufferings took their origin, be afflicted with whatever might be bitter to it. E.]. But this instead of a strengthening, would be a weakening of the thought. Umbreit’s explanation: “let it be terrified as by incantations (comp. Arab. marîr, incantamentum), which darken the day,” anticipates that which is not expressed until further on, in Job_3:8, and is furthermore chargeable with being excessively artificial. [With Umbreit’s may be classified the rendering of Merx, who, reading ëֹîְøֵé éֹåí , translates: “May the priests of day frighten it away!” There can be little doubt that the rendering “darkenings of the day” is the one best suited to the context, and this whether with Ges., Con., etc., we retain the Masoretic Chiriq, or with Ewald, Zöckler, etc., change it to Pattach.—E.]
Second Strophe: Job_3:6-10. A special curse of the night of conception: an expansion of Job_3:3 b. The reason why this expansion is twice as long as that of Job_3:3 a, is found by Hirzel and Dillmann to lie in the fact that it was in particular the night of his conception which gave Job his existence (see Job_3:10). [“Twice as many verses, for it was twice as guilty, and the crime of his existence lay chiefly with it.” Dav.] This, however, would be attributing to the author altogether too much premeditation and systematic deliberation.
Job_3:6. That night—let thick darkness take it;i.e. let everlasting darkness seize on it and hold it fast as its possession, so that it can never come forth into the light of day. [“ àֹôֶì , an intenser gloom than çùֶׁêְ , deepest primitive darkness, chaos and ‘old night.’ ” Dav.] Let it not rejoice among the days of the year.— àַì éִçַãְּ (for àַì éִçְãְּ , with an auxiliary Pattach [furtive]; comp. Ewald, § 224, c. [Green, § 109, 2], from çָãָä , gaudere (Exo_18:9), is evidently equivalent to: “let it not be glad of its existence among the days of the year.” [“The night is not considered so much to rejoice on account of its own beauty—fingitur pulchra nox de se ipsa gandere, Ges.—as to form one of the joyous and triumphant choral troop of nights, that come in harmonious and glittering procession.” Dav.] More insipid is the sense given by the reading followed by the Targum and Symmachus: àַì éֵçַã , “let it not be joined to the days of the year, let it not be enrolled among them,” Comp. Ges. 49:6. [So E. V., Ren., Merx]. [“Of course not natural days, as in Job_3:3-4, but civil days, embracing the entire diurnal period, in which sense they include the night.” Green. Chrest.] Let it not come into the number of the months:i.e. let it not be numbered among the days, the sum of which constitutes the twelve months of the year (LXX. correctly: ìçäὲ ἀñéèìçèåßç åἰò ἡìÝñáò ìçíῶí ). Comp. Wieseler, Beiträge zur richtigen Würdigung der Evangelien und der evangel. Geschichte, Gotha, 1869, p. 291; which correctly finds here a reference to the fact that the ancient Hebrews reckoned according to the lunar year; i.e. by years of 354 days (consisting of twelve months, alternating in length between 30 and 29 days, and equalized with the solar year by an intercalary month of 30 days about every three years).
Job_3:7. Ha, that night!—let it be barren. âַּìְîåּã , lit. “stony hard,” here and also in Isa_49:21 (where it is used of [Zion, personified as] a woman), the same as “barren.” [“Sitting in the everlasting darkness, that Night remains barren. It utters no shout of joy over the children born to it.” Schlott. This sense is in better harmony with the etymology, and the vivid personification of the passage, as well as Job’s vindictive feeling over the fact that that night had conceived him, than the “solitary” of the Eng. Ver. (Vulg. “desolate,” Syr.—E.] Let no shout of joy come therein.— øְðָðָä , not “a song of the spheres” (Fries), [a conception and expression foreign to the Heb.: see the opposite thought, expressed Psa_19:3.—E.]; but a jubilant shout of joy over the birth (or conception) of a man.
Job_3:8. Let them curse it who curse days, they who are skilled to rouse up the dragon [leviathan]. [“He wishes everything dire and dreadful to be heaped upon it, or employed against it, not only all real evils, but even such as are imaginary and fictitious. He therefore invokes the aid of sorcerers, who curse the day, who claim the power of inflicting curses on it.” Green, Chrest.] àֹøְøֵéÎéåֹí , “cursers of the day,” i.e. sorcerers, who, according to the superstition of the old oriental world, knew how by their ban to make dies infausti, and who, therefore, had the power so to bewitch any particular day as to make it a day of misfortune. This art of sorcery, the actual existence of which the poetic style of the discourse concedes and assumes without going further, is characterized still more particularly, and with vivid gradation in the language, by the following clause: “they who are skilled (capable, empowered) to rouse up ( òֹøֵø in poetry for ìְòֹøֵø , comp. Ewald § 285, c) leviathan,” i.e. the great dragon, who is the enemy of the sun and the moon, and seeks accordingly by swallowing them up to create darkness. That there is here an allusion to this well-known superstition in respect to solar and lunar eclipses, which is found among several other nationalities, e.g. the ancient inhabitants of India (see Bohlen, Das alte Indien, I. 290), the Chinese (Käuffer, Das chines. Volk, p. 123), the North-African natives of Algeria (comp. Delitzsch 1:79) appears: (1) From the connection, which forbids our taking ìִåְéָúָï either as in 40:25 seq.; Psa_104:26, in its usual sense, of the crocodile, or again of terrestrial serpents (dragons), and so, with Umbreit and others, to think of snake-charmers or crocodile-tamers. (2) From the parallel passage in Job_26:13, where the mention of “the fleeing serpent” points to the same astronomical superstition. (3) From Isa_27:1, where the collocation of the words ìִøֳúָï ðָçָùׁ áָּøִéçַ designate the same mythical being (the dragon râhu or kêtu of the Hindûs). The poet accordingly in the passage before us gives to the curse that is to be pronounced on the day this highly poetic turn, by wishing that the sorcerers might secure the consummation of the curse by instigating the celestial dragon against the sun and moon, thus producing an eclipse of those bodies. To identify that dragon here (and in Job_26:13) with a constellation, by a reference to the dragon whose convolutions lie between the Great and Little Bear, or to any other serpent-figure among the stars (Hirz., Hahn, Schlott., etc.), does not harmonize well with the unmistakable meaning of òֹøֵø , “to excite, rouse up.” [The explanation of Umbreit, Rosenm., Noy., Bar., etc., a little more fully stated, is that “the verse probably refers to a class of persons who were supposed to have the power of making any day fortunate or unfortunate, to control future events, and even to call forth the most terrific monsters from impenetrable forests, or from the deep, for the gratification of their own malice, or that of others. Balaam, whom Balak sent for to curse Israel, affords evidence of the existence of a class of persons who were supposed to be capable of producing evil by their imprecations.” Noyes. One objection to this view is stated above by Zöckler, that it is not favored by the connection. Another objection suggested by Dav. is that “it is somewhat flat. The second member, instead of rising in significance, seems to fall, for to curse the day appears a much profounder exercise of power, reaching much further, and laying a spell much deeper, even on the hidden principles of nature and time, than any mere charming of an animal, however terrible.” According to the Fathers (whom Lee and Words. follow), Leviathan here is typical of Satan, “the great spiritual Leviathan.” When it is remembered that the same writers find the same typical significance in the description of “leviathan” in chap. 41., the extravagance of the fancy will at once appear. Davidson objects that “it cannot be shown that the superstition [above referred to] was current in Semitic lands; it belongs to India.” It is true, however, that among the Egyptians, with whose institutions the author of this book was well acquainted, eclipses were attributed to the victory of Typhon over the sun-god, that the crocodile (the leviathan of chap. 41.) was a representative of Typhon, and moreover that Egypt was celebrated above all lands for her sorcery. These three facts taken together would of themselves suffice to account for and to explain Job’s language in the passage before us.—E.]
Job_3:9. Let the stars of the twilight be dark; the stars, namely, of its morning twilight, the precursors of approaching day-light, the meaning accordingly being: Let this night be followed by no genuine day’s radiance. In favor of this sense of ðֶùֶׁó , to wit, morning twilight, crepusculum, may be urged, apart from the two following members of the verse, the analogy of Job_7:4; Psa_119:147, where ðֶùֶׁó has the same signification, though elsewhere certainly it signifies the evening twilight (diluculum), as e.g. Job_24:15; Pro_7:9; 2Ki_7:5. And let it not gaze upon the eye-lashes of the dawn. Delitzsch: “let it not refresh itself with the eye-lashes of the dawn:” correctly as to the sense; for here, as always øָàָä áְ denotes beholding with the feeling of pleasure, enjoying the sight of anything. “The eye-lashes of the dawn” (the same expression is found in Job_41:10) are the first rays of the rising dawn, opening as it were its eyes: comp. ÷ñõóÝçò ἡìÝñáò âëÝöáñïí , Soph. Antiq. 103. [To be noted is the full form of the fut. éִøְàֶä , instead of the apocopated.]
Job_3:10. The ëִּé with which the verse begins refers back to the beginning of the period in Job_3:6, and thus gives the ground of the violent curse just pronounced upon the night of his conception. Because it shut not up the doors of my mother’s womb;i.e. did not make the same barren, did not prevent his conception: comp. Gen_16:2; Gen_20:18; 1Sa_1:5. áִּèְâִé , a poetic ellipsis for áֶּèֶï àִîִּé . [Comp. Job_19:17, where the expression áְּðֵé áִèְðִé , acc. to Ges., means brethren born out of the same mother’s womb. See, however, on the passage. “Juvenal has used the same liberty of expression, Sat. 6:1:124: Ostenditque tuum, generose Britannice, ventrem.” Con.]—And so hide sorrow from my eyes. The force of the negation extends out of the first over this, the second member of the verse, as is the case also in Job_3:11. Comp. Gesen. § 152 [§ 149], 3. [The influence of the negative extended here by means of Vav consecutive. See Ewald § 351 a.] The indefinite, and, so to speak, absolute term, òָîָì , denotes some great and fearful affliction which Job was even then suffering.
3. Second Long Strophe: Job utters his choice to be in the realm of the dead rather than in this life, Job_3:11-19. The strophe embraces three sub-divisions, or strophes, of equal length, each consisting of three verses.
a. Job_3:11-13. [The wish that he had died at birth.]
Job_3:11. Why died I not from the womb?i.e., immediately after birth, immediately after I saw the light of this world.—So should îֵøֶçֶí be explained here, according to the parallelism of the second member of the verse, not according to Jer_20:17, which passage speaks rather of dying in the womb ( îִï being used there in the local, not the temporal sense), of dying, therefore, as an embryo, a thought which is foreign to our author. (So in opposition to Schlott. and Del.) [The view of Junius, as given by Schlott., of the gradation of thought in this verse and the following, is at least striking enough to be stated here. It represents Job as here cursing his life in four stages of its development: in the womb, immediately after birth, when taken up by the father, and finally when put to the mother’s breast. It may be doubted nevertheless whether Job’s impassioned outburst is characterized by such careful and minute discrimination. The future àָîåּú , like àִåִּ֭ìֶã in Job_3:3, is an example of the poet’s bold idealization, which, taking its position back of the moment of birth, asks, ‘Why may I not die from the womb?’ See Green, § 263, 5; Ew. § 136, 6.—E.] Come forth out of the womb and expire?—Expire, to wit, immediately after coming forth. On the extension of the negation over the second member, comp. notes on Job_3:10. [The Fut. (or Imperf.) àֶâְåַò expressing that which is subsequent to the Pret. (Perf.) éָöָàúִé .]
Job_3:12. Why did knees anticipate me? [Con.: Why were the knees ready for me?—“Prevent,” in A. V., in the obsolete sense, to come before, and so to anticipate]: i.e., the knees or lap of the father, joyfully saluting the newly-born child. Comp. Gen_50:23; Isa_66:12. It is less natural to understand the knees of a woman to be meant, to wit, the knees of an attendant midwife or nurse. Comp. Gen_30:3. [“The longing and anxious desire of the yearning mother to nurse her unborn darling has never been so happily expressed elsewhere.” Good.] There is certainly nothing in the passage which points to any custom of heathen antiquity, involving the formal recognition of the child by the father, as Hirzel supposes. [At all events, as Dillm. observes, such a recognition is not the leading thought of the passage.—E.] And what (=why) the breasts that I should suck?—[“There is a certain impatience and disgust in the îָä : Why, what were the breasts that I should suck?” Dav. The dual forms of the original, “two knees,” “two breasts,” are preserved in the translation by Dav. and Renan, perhaps with needless literality.] ëּé consecutive, as in chs. Job_6:11; Job_7:12; Job_10:6—and often. The Imperf. (Fut.) àֵéðַ÷ describing an action immediately following after that which is previously mentioned, like àֶâְåַò , Job_3:11; àֶùְׁ÷åֹè and éָðåּçַ , Job_3:13, etc.
Job_3:13. For now I should have lain down and been quiet. A reason for the wish contained in the questions of Job_3:10; Job_3:12; therefore ëִּé here=“for,” not “surely” (Del.)— òַúָּä , like àָæ elsewhere, “then, by this time.” Comp. Job_13:19; 1Sa_13:13. I should have slept (lit.: “I should have fallen asleep;” and so also in the first member: “I should have laid myself down”), then would there be rest for me, viz., the rest of the dead in the under-world, of the shades in Sheol, which, as compared with the inexpressible misery of this upper world, is evermore rest and repose. For the impersonal use of ðåּçַ comp. Isa_23:12; Neh_9:28.
b. Job_3:14-16. A more particular description of the rest in the realms of the dead, which Job longs for. Job_3:14-15 are still dependent on the verbs in Job_3:13.
Job_3:14. With kings and counsellors of the land.— éֹòֲöֵé àֶøֶõ , the counsellors of a land, i.e., the highest officers of the state, royal advisers, not kings themselves. Who built ruins for themselves.—If the reading çֳøָáåֹú is correct, then the passage certainly speaks of the building of ruins (comp. the same word in Isa_58:12; Isa_61:4; Mal_1:4). The expression, however, can scarcely mean the rebuilding of fallen structures, a thought which many of the ancient writers found in it, but which is obviously far-fetched and foreign to the context, especially if the rebuilding of ruined edifices is taken as of the same meaning with the expression, “to be rich, to be well endowed, opibus abundare.” Neither can it refer to the building of mausoleums, houses for the dead, or, in particular, pyramids; an interpretation defended by Hirzel, Ewald, Fürst, Delitzsch, Dillmann [Kamphausen, Wemyss, Bernard, Barnes, Wordsworth, Carey, Renan, Rodwell, Elzas, Merx], but not sufficiently verified etymologically. The Coptic ðé — ÷ñáì cannot, without further evidence, be identified with çøáåú , even admitting that the interchange of á and î is not something unheard of. In any case it could not be proved that the author had in mind the pyramids of Egypt, so that the passage cannot be wrested to favor the theory of the Egyptian nationality of the poet; comp. Introd. § 7. The simplest and most obvious way of explaining it is, with Umbreit, Hahn, Schlottmann, Vaihinger, Heiligstedt [Gesenius, Noyes, Hengstenberg, Green in Chrestom.], to recognize in the çֳøָáåֹú an ironical designation of great, splendid palaces, which, notwithstanding their grandeur, must at last fall into ruin—a process which, in the East, as every where in hot countries, takes place with startling rapidity and suddenness. The expression is thus to be taken in a catachrestic sense, of that which is not yet indeed a ruin, but which will inevitably become such (comp. “dust,” “ashes,” “grass,” “a worm,” etc., used to designate man: Job_10:9; Psa_103:14-15; Psa_90:5, etc.). The difficulty of the expression has suggested several attempts to amend the text, as, e.g., by Böttcher (de inferis, § 298), øַçֲáåֹú , “streets, courts;” by Olshausen, àַøְîְðåֹú , “palaces;” by J. D. Michaelis (Suppl. p. 905), çֳøָîåֹú , which, according to the Arabic, would be “temples, sanctuaries.” Comp. also the LXX., which translates by ἐãáõñéῶíôï ἐðὶ îßöåóéí , the text of which would be äַâַּàֲéåֹðִéí áַּçֲøָáåֹú . [The expression as it stands in the text is certainly a difficult one, and unquestioning confidence in regard to the true interpretation is scarcely to be looked for. The rendering adopted by Zöckler, “who have built themselves ruins,” is indeed, as he claims, the simplest and most obvious rendering of the words as they now read. But, on the other hand, it may be urged: (1) This proleptic ironical use of the word “ruins” in the connection would be an unlooked for and an artificial interruption of the pathetic flow of thought—of the ardent, plaintive yearning for death, or for the condition in which death would place him. (2) The kind of irony which would thus be expressed is unsuited to the state of Job’s feelings in this discourse. Irony there is in the passage doubtless, but it is the irony of personal feeling, suggested by the contrast between his present misery and destitution, and the rest and equality of the grave. The irony which would have led him to see ruins in the palaces of the great would have been altogether alien to the intense subjectivity of his mood. Job is here thinking of himself—of what he would have been—of the rest, and the equality with earth’s greatest, which would have been his, had he died at his birth. To interject here a sudden satire on the destiny awaiting the external splendor of others would be untrue to nature, and so unworthy of the poet’s art. (3) The anticipation of ruin seems scarcely in harmony with the particular object of the immediate context, which is to describe the greatness of kings and counsellors, as of men high in rank and rich in their possessions. As Davidson says of this interpretation, it is “a sense which does not magnify, but minishes, the reputation of the great dead.” On the other hand, the interpretation “mausoleums” or “pyramids” is in harmony with the particular object of the context, enhancing the greatness of the persons spoken of, as well as with the general train of thought and feeling in this strophe, dwelling as it does on the condition and surroundings of the dead. It does not seem unreasonable, therefore, to conclude either that the word in its present form may be thus defined, or that the word in its original form being an unusual one, or of foreign origin, it was afterwards modified under the influence of the familiar Hebrew phrase, “to build ruins,” áָּðָä çֳøָáåֹú .—E.]
Job_3:15. Or with princes that had gold, who filled their houses with silver.—If the çøáåú of the preceding verse are not “pyramids,” the áָּúִּéí of this verse cannot possibly be understood to mean “houses of the dead,” as Hirzel explains. But even if that construction of the former verse be the true one, it would still be in the highest degree unnatural, artificial, and forced, to understand the expression in the passage before us as meaning any thing else than the riches which princes during life heap up in their palaces. Comp. Job_22:18.
Job_3:16. Or like a hidden untimely birth I should not be.—I should not exist, have no being. ðֶôֶì , lit. a “falling away” ( ἔêôñùìá ), an abortion, as in Psa_58:9; Ecc_6:8. For èָîַï in the sense of “to hide in the ground, to bury,” comp. Gen_35:4; Exo_2:12. The second member more particularly describes the condition of these abortions, as of those who never saw the light (“the light of life;” comp. Job_33:30). Furthermore, as to its contents, the entire verse, although varying in construction from the verse preceding, is by the àåֹ at the beginning made co-ordinate with it; and this immediate juxtaposition of the founders of great palaces [or pyramids], of rich millionaires, and—of still-born babes! produces a contrast most bizarre and startling in its effect. “All these are removed from the sufferings of this life in the quiet of their grave—be their grave a ‘ruin’ gazed upon by their descendants, or a hole dug out in the earth, and again filled in as it was before.” Delitzsch.
c. Job_3:17-19. Exhibiting more in detail the extent to which death equalizes the inequalities of men’s lots in life.
Job_3:17. There the wicked have ceased their raging.— ùָׁí , in the state of the dead, in the under-world [“conceived of after the analogy of sepulchral caves, and where the dead were deemed to preserve the same relations which they had held during their life.” Ren.]. øְùָׁòִéí , the godless, the abandoned, who are ruled by evil passions and lusts, as in Isa_48:22; Isa_57:21; Psa_1:4, etc. Hence øֹâֶæ is the stormy agitation, or inward raging of such men [“corresponds to the radical idea of looseness, broken in pieces, want of restraint, therefore of Turba, contained etymologically in øָùָׁò .”—Del.]; comp. Isa_57:20; Jer_6:7. Dillmann understands by the “raging of the wicked” the furious ravaging of insolent tyrants, with which is then vividly contrasted in the second member the enfeebled, powerless condition of those who are “exhausted of strength.” But there is nothing in the connection to show that any such contrast was intended between tyrants and the oppressed, between persecutors and the persecuted; and even the mention of the “taskmaster” in Job_3:18 has nothing in it to confirm this interpretation, which arbitrarily attributes to øְùָׁòִéí the sense of òøéöéí . Comp. Job_15:20; Job_27:13; Isa_13:11; Isa_25:3; Psa_37:25, etc. [in most of which passages, however, it will be found that the parallelism sustains the notion of the equivalence of the two terms, and of the frequent use of the former in the sense assigned to it by Dillmann. Do we not hear in these words an echo of Job’s own calamities? Were not the turbulent, restless, fierce Chaldeans and Sabeans fit types of the øְùָׁòִéí with their øֹâֶæ ? and was not Job himself in his present helplessness one of the very éְâִéòֵé ëֹçַ ?—E.]
Job_3:18. Together rest the prisoners.— éçã , all together, so many as there are of them, as in Job_24:4. [“The Pilel ùַׁàֲðַï signifies perfect freedom from care.” Del.]—They hear not the taskmaster’s voice, i.e., the voice of the overseer, or slave-driver, issuing his orders, urging to work, and threatening with blows. Comp. Gen_3:7; Gen_5:6; Gen_5:10; Zec_9:8.
Job_3:19. Small and great are there the same.— äåּà ùָׁí ; not “are there, are found there” (LXX., Vulg., Hirz., Hahn, Schl. [Hengstenb.; Ren., Good, Lee, Con., Dav., Rod.]), but “are there the same, equal in rank and worth.” äåּà here accordingly is emphatic= ὁ áὐôüò , idem, as also in Isa_41:4; Psa_102:28. [So Umbr., Ew., Del., Wem., Elz. The thought is substantially the same, according to either view. According to the former, äåּà refers with emphasis to each subject, individually, “he, each is there,” implying equality of condition; according to the latter, äåּà has more the quality of a predicate, expressing equality of condition. The former is preferable, as being simpler, more customary, and better suited to the double subject, “small” and “great.” Elsewhere in the sense of idem it is used of a single subject. Comp. ref. above.—E.] Furthermore, the second member: “and free (is) the servant from his master,” shows in a special manner that our verse is parallel in sense to the preceding; as there “prisoners” and “taskmasters” are contrasted, so here in the first member “small” and “great,” in the second “servant” and “master.” [Davidson, perhaps, finds too much in these words when he says (although the remark is a striking one): “It is this last that fascinates Job in the place of the dead—the slave is free from his master; and Job is the slave, and one whom he will not name is the master—Has not man a hard service on the earth, and as the days of a hireling are his days?” Job_7:1.]
4. Third Long Strophe (divided into two shorter strophes of three and four verses respectively): Job asks, why must he, who is weary of life, still live? Job_3:20-26.
a. Job_3:20-22. [The question in a general form.]
Job_3:20. Wherefore gives He light to the wretched one?—The name of God, who is unmistakably the subject of the clause, is not expressly mentioned, from a motive of reverential awe; it is presupposed as a thing self-evident that he who gives light is God, and none other. Comp. Job_24:22. [The Eng. Ver. takes the verb impersonally: “Wherefore is light given, etc.?” And so Good, Lee, Wemyss, Ren., etc. Schlottmann and Green also prefer the impersonal construction on the ground that it is better suited to the present discourse and the state of feeling from which it proceeds, and that supplying ‘God’ as the subject “gives an uncalled-for appearance of open and conscious murmuring to these moanings of uncontrollable anguish.” It is to be observed, however, that in verse 23 the hedging of man about is directly ascribed to God; and that although God is not formally challenged by name as yet, there is through the whole discourse an audible under-tone of suppressed defiance, which seems all the time on the point of expressing itself. At the same time, one cannot but feel that this Curse is a cry of anguish rather than a cry of defiance, and that the suppression of God’s name in this connection is a most natural manifestation of Job’s feelings in their present stage of development—although, as Hirzel has shown, it is quite in our author’s manner thus to omit the name of God. See Job_8:18; Job_12:13; Job_16:7; Job_20:23; Job_22:21; Job_25:2; Job_27:22; Job_30:19. “Gives he, a distant fling at God, though a certain reverence refuses to utter His name, but He is at the base of such awful entanglement and perverse attitude of things.” (Dav.).—E.]
Parallel with ìְòָîֵì , “to the wretched,” stands in the second member, ìְîָøֵé ðֶôֶùׁ , “to the troubled in soul,” those whose heart is troubled [lit. “the bitter in soul,” i.e., those whose souls have known life’s bitterness.—E.] The same expression is found in Pro_31:6; 1Sa_1:10; 1Sa_22:2.
Job_3:21-22 contain specifications in participial form of the phrase îָøֵé ðֶôֶùׁ , with finite verbs attached in the second member of each verse, a construction which elsewhere also is not unfrequently met with (see Ew. § 350, b).
Job_3:21. Who wait long for death—and it comes not (lit. “and it is not,” åְàֵéðֶðּåּ , comp. verse 9), and dig for it more than for [hidden] treasures.—The Imperf. consec. åַéַּçְôְּøåּ is used here in the sense of the Present, as also elsewhere occasionally (see Ew. § 342. a). [The Vav. consec. would indicate that the digging for death is consequent upon waiting for it—the passive waiting and longing being succeeded by the more active digging and searching for it. A terrible picture of the progress of human misery.—E.] It is not necessary (with Hahn and Schlottmann) to translate by the subjunctive form, “who would dig” (would willingly do so). Delitzsch’s assumption, that the fut. consec. is used “because the sufferers are regarded as now at last dead,” is altogether too artificial. The discourse presents rather an ardent longing after death on the part of those who are as yet living—and this longing is described so as to harmonize with the figurative representation of a “digging after pearls or treasures.” Comp. chap, Job_28:1 sq., 9 sq. [Ewald, not inaptly: “for death, like such treasures, seems to come out of earth’s most secret womb, even as Pluto is the god of both.”] On çôּø with accus. of the thing which is dug out, comp. Exo_7:24 [showing the incorrectness of the assertion that in the sense of digging, the verb takes only the accusative of the cavity produced by digging, and so justifying the rendering “to dig” here.—E.]
Job_3:22. Who are joyful, even to rapture—heightening the thought: usque ad exultationem, exactly as in Hos_9:1. In like manner the following éָùִׂéùׂåּ contains a still further advance in the strength of the thought. [“The verse is a climax, (1) rejoice, (2) to exultation, (3) dance for joy.” Dav.
“Who rejoice, even to exultation,
And are triumphant, when they can find out the grave.”—
Good.]
Job_3:23-26. [The individual application of Job’s question.]Job_3:23 resumes, after the parenthesis contained in the two preceding verses, the dative construction begun in Job_3:20, and governed by the verb éִúֵּï of that verse. To a man whose way is hidden:viz. to me, to Job himself; comp. the following verses, in which the speaker’s own person appears as the prominent theme of discourse. [ ìְâֶáֶø , “to a man,” a general expression as yet, although evidently the speaker is thinking of himself. The verse forms the transition from the general description of the verses preceding to the direct description of the verses following.—E.] For a similar use of the figurative expressions “covering and hedging the way” to represent the act of putting a man in a helpless, forsaken, inextricable situation; comp. Job_19:8; also Lam_3:5; Isa_40:27. [Renan translates:
“To the man whose way is covered with darkness,
And whom God has environed with a fatal circle.”
“He means, by having his way hid, being bewildered and lost: the world and thought and providence become a labyrinth to him, out of which and in which no path can be found, his speculative and religious belief hopelessly entangled, and his heart palsied and paralyzed by its own conflicting emotions and memories, so that action and thought were impossible, a hedge being about him, his whole life and condition being contradiction and inexplication, a step or two leading to a stand-still in any direction.” Dav.]
Job_3:24. For [ ëִּé , personal confirmation of the preceding statement] instead of my bread comes my sighing.— ìִôְðֵé here not in the local sense, “before” [“in presence of it, and hence in effect along with it. Meaning: even at that season of enjoyment and thankfulness, when food is partaken, I have only pain and sorrow.” Con.], but as also in Job_4:19; 1Sa_1:16, “for, instead of” (comp. the Latin pro). [Akin to this is the definition “like,” from the idea of comparison involved in that of presence or nearness. So Schult., Dav., Ren.] Less suitable is the temporal construction: “before my food [=before I eat] sighing still comes to me.” [“My groans anticipate my food.” Wem.] (so Hahn, Hirz., Schl., etc., after the LXX., Vulgate, etc.) [The temporal sense is somewhat differently given by Green, Chrest., “before, sooner than; perpetually repeated, with greater frequency than his regular food.” The suggestion found in Rosenm., Bar., etc., that Job’s disease made his food loathsome in the act of eating gives a meaning needlessly offensive, and is not suited either to the connection or to the terms employed. The fut. úָּáֹà is used in the frequentative sense.—E.] And my groans pour themselves forth like water:i.e. as incessantly as water, which flows ever onward, or is precipitated from a height. As is evident, a strong comparison, and one which would be greatly weakened by the explanation of Hirzel and others, who find in it an allusion to the water of Job’s daily drink, parallel with &igra