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COMMENTARY
ON
THE NEW TESTAMENT
HANDBOOK
TO
THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS
BY
HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM MEYER, TH.D.
OBERCONSISTORIALRATH, HANNOVER.
TRANSLATED FROM THE FIFTH EDITION OF THE GERMAN BY
REV. JOHN C. MOORE, B.A.,
HAMBURG.
VOL. I.
EDINBURGH:
T. & T. CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET.
MDCCCLXXIII.
GENERAL PREFACE
BY THE EDITOR
Dr. Meyer has chosen and has steadily cultivated the special field of exegesis pure and simple. His sole aim is to ascertain the grammatical and historical meaning of Scripture in accordance with the legitimate principles, and in the use of the proper resources, of interpretation, leaving the result thus obtained to be turned to due account by the theologian, the preacher, or the critical inquirer for their respective purposes. That the primary sense of Scripture can be rightly arrived at only by the method of grammatico-historical interpretation, is now admitted on all hands; and it is acknowledged that all Christian theology must rest on the foundation of sure and solid exegesis. The theologian must presume the processes, and must accept the assured results, of interpretation; nor can the preacher be regarded as duly equipped for his work, unless he is able to draw directly from the fountain-head—integros accedere fontes atque haurire—and to quicken and deepen his Christian insight by fresh and daily renewed study of the living word.
In this, as in other departments of science, the best results have been attained by dividing labour and specialising research; and Dr. Meyer has, by the concentration of his energies for upwards of forty years on the exegetical study of the New Testament, made the field essentially his own. The Commentaries on the Gospels, on Acts, and on the Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon proceed from his own hand, and have all of them been revised and enlarged in successive editions—several even a fifth time. For the completion of the work on the same general plan he called in the services of able colleagues
Dr. Lünemann for the Epistles to the Thessalonians and Hebrews, Dr. Huther for the Pastoral and the Catholic Epistles, and Dr. Düsterdieck for the Apocalypse. The labours of Meyer in New Testament exegesis may be regarded as correlative and complementary to those of Winer in New Testament Grammar. While Winer rescued the grammar of the New Testament idiom from the dogmatism and caprice which had prevailed before his time, and rendered it, in the confident but just language of his title-page, “the sure1[1] foundation of New Testament exegesis,” he dealt, from the nature of the case, merely with the isolated phenomena as illustrations. Meyer undertook the task of applying the same principles and methods to the interpretation of the New Testament as a whole. This work he has accomplished with rare exegetical tact and unrivalled philological precision. We say, unrivalled; for—without derogating from the merits of other labourers in the same field, and without denying the excellence more especially of various recent monographs formed after his model—it may safely be affirmed that his work remains, in its own line and in its most characteristic features, unequalled. The only book which, as covering the same ground, may be fairly brought into comparison with it is the “Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Neuen Testament” of de Wette—a masterpiece of exegetical skill, unquestionably well entitled to a place by its side. Each work has its own special excellences; and no one has acknowledged the merits of Meyer more frankly than de Wette himself, who repeatedly refers, as does also Meyer on his part, to the help which each derived from the labours of the other—to the candour with which they accepted, or the fairness with which they controverted, as the case might be, each other’s views—and who pronounced Meyer, even at the outset of his exegetical career, an expositor distinguished by thoroughness (Gründlichkeit), correct perception, and sure judgment. The Handbook of de Wette is marked by a singular power of condensation and felicity of clear and terse expression; but the Commentary of Meyer is superior in philological accuracy, and in the fulness with which it sets forth not only the grounds on which his own interpretation rests, but also the reasons which may be urged in support of, or in opposition to, the interpretations of others—a feature which gives special value to it as a practical discipline for the student of exegesis. And—independently of other considerations—the work of Dr. Meyer possesses the marked advantage of having undergone to a much greater extent successive revisions at the hands of its author, and has thus been enriched, not only by the working in of results gathered in the interval from the labours of others, but also by the ample fruits of the author’s own more extended experience and more mature judgment. The first part of de Wette’s Handbook appeared in 1836, and it was completed in 1848, while his death took place in 1849. The first part of Dr. Meyer’s Commentary appeared in 1832, and it has ever since been receiving alterations and additions down to the spring of the present year. No doubt the work of de Wette has been reissued, since his death, in various editions by able and careful scholars, such as Brückner, Messner, and Moeller. But in this case we have no assurance, that the manipulation which the work has undergone is such as would have been approved by the mature judgment of the author, or even that it may be consistent with his known principles and views. Indeed, a lately reissued part of the work—the Commentary on Acts, as edited by Overbeck—presents a flagrant instance to the contrary. For Dr. Overbeck has not only made additions of his own, which amount to nearly two-thirds of the whole book, but—with a liberty, which in this country we should deem wholly unwarrantable, and strangely disrespectful to the memory of a man so distinguished as de Wette—he has overlaid the original work with a running commentary of tedious minuteness, written in support of critical views, to which de Wette had, in the preface to his own last edition, declared himself wholly opposed.[2] In Dr. Meyer’s case, on the other hand, we have the latest judgments of the great exegete himself, as he passes under review the fresh contributions to the literature of the subject, and in their light re-examines his earlier positions, and recalls, modifies, or vindicates anew his conclusions. Nothing indeed is more remarkable in connection with Dr. Meyer’s work than the results furnished by a comparison of its successive editions, as evincing the diligence with which he read and digested every new academic dissertation that might throw light on his subject, the impartiality and truth-loving spirit with which his mind remained open to fresh light and was ready to change or modify its interpretation wherever there seemed due ground, and the assiduous care with which he revised every sentence. The interleaved sheets—at present in my possession—shewing the corrections and additions made by Dr. Meyer on the fourth edition in preparation for the fifth, furnish, in their MS. erasures and copious marginal annotations, even a more striking illustration of the extent and variety of this alteration than the subjoined specimen, taken ad aperturam, in which I have underlined the portions changed.[3] This constant process of alteration and addition serves to account, in a great measure, for the somewhat awkward form of many of the sentences, broken up as they are by subsequent parenthetical insertions, or prolonged by the appending of fresh clauses not contemplated at the outset.
[1] 1 Mr. Moulton, in his most accurate and admirable translation of Winer, omits the word “sure,” probably deeming it unnecessary any longer to affirm what nobody now denies.
[2] De Wette’s words—sufficiently remarkable—are to this effect: “That I have not entered more at length into a refutation of the destructive criticism of Baur, may possibly occasion disappointment in some quarters; but, besides that it would have required more space than I have at my disposal, I deem such a refutation superfluous. Extravagant criticism of this sort nullifies itself; and the only benefit arising from it is, that by exceeding all bounds it awakens the feeling of a necessity for imposing self-restraint.” In the face of this condemnation Dr. Overbeck has superinduced on the work of de Wette an elaborate treatise carrying out in detail that very criticism, and thereby—whatever might under other circumstances be its value—fundamentally altering the standpoint and perverting the character of the book. The pleas by which he attempts to vindicate his course are wholly inadequate to justify so unprecedented a violation of the respect due to a great name and a great book, as is the publication, under cover of a new edition, of views diametrically opposed to the last judgment of the author.
[3] Rom_5:1. The underlining shows the extent of the alterations.
Fifth Edition.
Rom_5:1. Ï ὖ í folgert aus dem ganzen vorigen Abschnitt Rom_3:21 to Rom_4:25, und zwar formell so weiterführend, dass δικαιωθέντες gleich nach διὰ τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμ . mit sieghaftem Nachdrucke wieder an die Spitze tritt. In welcher beglückenden Heilsgewissheit die Gläubigen vermöge ihrer durch den Glauben eingetretenen Rechtfertigung ( δικαιωθέντες ) sich befinden (nicht ihre Heiliguny, wie Rothe will), soll nun geschildert werden.
εἰρήνην ἔχ . π . τ . Θεόν ] Der Gerechtfertigte ist nicht mehr in dem Verhältnisse eines Menschen, dem Gott feind sein muss und ist ( ἐχθρὸς Θεοῦ , Rom_5:9 f.) sondem Frieden (nicht allgemein: Befriedigung, Genüge, wie Th. Schott meint) hat er in seinem Verhältnisse zu Gott. Es ist der Friede, der im bewussten objectiven Zustande der Versöhnung besteht, das Gegentheil des Zustandes, in welchem man dem göttlichen Zorne verfallen ist. Mit der Rechtfertigung tritt dieser Friede als sofortige und dauernde Folge derselben ein. Daher δικαιωθἐντες
ἔχομεν (vrgl. Act_9:31. Joh_16:33.). Und durch Christum ( διὰ τοῦ κυρίου etc.) ist dieser Besitz vermittelt, was sich zwar von selbst versteht, aber nach der Stärke und Fülle der eigenen Glaubenserfahrung des Ap. sehr natürlich noch besonders hervortritt, um an diese objective Ursache des Friedensstandes wie triumphirend auzuknüpfen, was wir ihr hinsichtlich des fraglichen Punktes zu verdanken haben Rom_5:2.
πρός (von der ethischen Beziehung, Bernhardy p. 265.) wie Act_2:47; Act_24:16. Vrgl. Herodian. 8, 7. 8.: ἀντὶ πολέμου μὲν εἰρήνην ἔχοντες πρὸς θεούς . Plat. Pol. 5. p. 465. B.: εἰρήνην πρὸς ἀλλήλους οἱ ἄνδρες ἄξουσιν . Legg. 12. p. 955. B. Alc. I. p. 107. D. Nicht zu verwechseln mit dem göttlich gewirkten innern Frieden (von welchem Php_4:7. εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ zu fassen ist, vrgl. Kol. Rom_3:15.); sondern dieser ist das subjective Correlat des objectiven εἰρήνη πρὸς τ . Θεόν .
Rom_5:1. Ï ὖ í folgert aus dem ganzen vorigen Abschnitt Rom_3:21 to Rom_4:25, und zwar formell so weiterführend, dass δικαιωθέντες gleich nach διὰ τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμ . mit sieghaftem Nachdrucke wieder an die Spitze tritt. In welcher beglückenden Heilsgewissheit die Gläubigen vermöge ihrer durch den Glauben eingetretenen Rechtfertigung sich befinden, soll nun näher dargelegt, nicht aber soll ermahnt werden (Hofm. nach der Lesart ἔχωμεν ) “unser Verhältniss zu Gott ein Friedensverhältniss sein zu lassen” (durch Glaubensleben), wobei der Nachdruck, welcher doch offen bar zunächst auf δικαιωθ . und dann auf εἰρήνην ruht, auf διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμ . Ἰ . Χ . liegen soll.
εἰρήνην ἔχ . π . τ . Θεόν ] Der Gerechtfertigte befindet sich nicht mehr in dem Verhältnisse eines Menschen, dem Gott feind sein muss und ist ( ἐχθρὸς Θεοῦ , Rom_5:9 f.), sondern Frieden (nicht allgemein: Befriedigung, Genüge, wie Th. Schott meint) besitzt er in seinem Verhältnisse zu Gott. Das ist der Friede, der im bewussten objectiven Zustande der Versöhnung besteht, das Gegentheil des Zustandes, in welchem man dem göttlichen Zorne und dem sensus irae verfallen ist. Mit der Rechfertigung tritt dieser Friede als sofortige und dauernde Folge derselben ein.1Daher δικαιωθέντες
ἔχομεν (vrgl. Act_9:31. Joh_16:33.). Und durch Christum ( διὰ τοῦ κυρίου etc.) als den εἰρηνοποιός , ist ihm dieses pacem obtinere (Bremi ad Isocr. Archid. p. 111.) vermittelt, was sich zwar von selbst versteht, aber nach der Stärke und Fülle der eigenen Glaubenserfahrung des Ap. sehr natürlich noch besonders wieder hervortritt, um an diese objective Ursache des Friedensstandes wie triumphirend anzuknüpfen, was wir ihr hinsichtlich des fraglicher Punktes zu verdanken haben Rom_5:2. Um so weniger ist Grund vorhanden, διὰ τοῦ κυρίου etc. an εἰρήνην anzuschliessen (Stölting); es gehört wie πρὸς τ . Θεόν nach der Stellung von ἔχομεν zu diesem Worte.
πρός (von der ethischen Beziehung, Bernhardy p. 265.) wie Act_2:47; Act_24:16. Vrgl. Herodian. 8, 7. 8 : ἀντὶ πολέμου μὲν εἰρήνην ἔχοντες πρὸς θεούς . Plat. Pol. 5. p. 465. B.: εἰρήνην πρὸς ἀλλήλους οἱ ἄνδρες ἄξουσιν . Legg. 12. p. 955. B. Alc. I. p. 107. D., Xenoph. u. A. Nicht zu verwechseln mit dem göttlich gewirkten Gemüthszustand des Seelenfriedens, von welchem Php_4:7. εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ zu fassen ist, vrgl. Kol. Rom_3:15.; sondern dieser ist das subjective Correlat des objectiven Verhältnisses der εἰρήνη , welche wir πρὸς τ . Θεόν haben, obwohl mit letzterer untrennbar verbunden.
In estimating the character and value of Dr. Meyer’s work, it is essential that we should always bear in mind the precise standpoint from which it is written. That is simply and solely, as we have already indicated, the standpoint of the exegete, who endeavours in the exercise of his own independent judgment to arrive, by the use of the proper means, at the historical sense of Scripture. His object is not to seek support for the doctrines, nor does he bind himself or regulate his operations by the definitions or decisions of any particular Church. On the contrary, he reaches his results by a purely exegetical process, and places them, when so found, at the disposal of the Church. Under these circumstances, it is not perhaps surprising that these results do not in all respects accord with the traditional interpretation, or with the received doctrines, of the Church to which he belonged (the Lutheran). But as little is it surprising, on the other hand, that the longer Dr. Meyer prosecuted the study of Scripture from his own standpoint, the closer was the approximation of his general results to the conclusions embodied in the great Confessions of the Protestant Church. Some petulant critics, indeed, who seem slow to give to any that differ from them credit for that love of the truth to which they themselves lay claim, have sneered at the comparatively conservative and orthodox issues of his later exegesis; but no one has ventured openly to affirm that these issues were reached otherwise than by the consistent and conscientious application of his exegetical principles. The general result in Dr. Meyer’s case—which is only what may be reasonably expected, unless we are to suppose that the great body of earlier interpreters have studied Scripture wholly in vain—coincides with the well-known statement of Winer, that “the controversies among interpreters have usually led back to the admission that the old Protestant views of the meaning of Scripture are the correct ones.”[4] If the study of this book is fitted to supersede a mere blind attachment to foregone conclusions, it is no less adapted to counteract the too prevalent tendency in our own day to empty Scripture of all definite and objective significance, or to find in it just what suits the sentiments or wishes of the seeker.
[4] In the Preface to the fourth edition of his Commentary on Romans, issued in 1865, Meyer has some interesting remarks as to the phases of opinion which had come and gone (or nearly so) within his own experience. “We older men,” he says, “have seen the day when Dr. Paulus and his devices were in vogue; he died without leaving a disciple behind him. We passed through the tempest raised by Strauss some thirty years ago; and with what a sense of solitariness might its author now celebrate his jubilee! We saw the constellation of Tübingen arise, and, even before Baur departed hence, its lustre had waned. A fresh and firmer basis for the truth which had been assailed, and a more complete apprehension of that truth—these were the blessings which the waves left behind; and so will it be when the present surge has passed away. What Strauss says by way of censure on Schleiermacher—that he had himself lashed with cords to the mast of faith in Christ, in order that he might pass by the dangerous island of criticism unharmed—will always (in the sense in which it held true of that Ulysses) redound to his praise. The Church and its science will continue bound to the strong mast of faith in Christ, and bound to it with the cords—that cannot be torn asunder—which the New Testament has woven in its living word. Only in the event of these bands giving way would the voices of criticism prove sirensongs leading it to destruction.”
Much impressed by frequent use with the value of the work, I have long cherished a wish that its contents might be made available in an English dress to the professional student of Scripture, who might not be able to consult it with facility in the original; and when sometime ago Messrs. Clark obtained the consent of the German publishers to the issue of an English translation, I undertook at their request, and with the readily given sanction of Dr. Meyer, to edit the work. I was induced to do so, not only because it seemed important that the translation of such a work should be executed on uniform principles, and on a common plan—which it was not likely to be, if its several parts were rendered by different translators acting independently—but also because it appeared desirable that a work of so technical a character, the value of which largely depends on the minute accuracy of the rendering, should be revised and passed through the press by some one more or less familiar with its professional use. It has frequently happened that translations otherwise good have been disfigured by blunders springing from the want of this special knowledge on the part of the translators.[5] I trust that the present translation—on which no small pains have been bestowed both by the translators and by the reviser—may be found tolerably free from these grosser errors; although, on looking into it afresh, I find not a few instances in which the effort to reproduce the form as well as the matter of the original may occasion some perplexity to the English reader, and there are others where I am by no means certain that we have seized or have clearly enough expressed the meaning. This specially applies to some of the passages in which Dr. Meyer deals with the new interpretations so copiously thrown out by the subtlety of Dr. von Hofmann of Erlangen, whose ingenious refinements and obscurities—to which I suppose Dr. Meyer’s strong language towards the close of his Preface to the German edition to allude—are by no means easy to render. The changes which, in the fulfilment of my somewhat delicate task, I have ventured to make may not
I can well suppose—always appear to the translators as improvements; and it is but fair to them that I should accept the responsibility of the form in which their translation appears.
[5] I subjoin a few illustrations, out of a great many culled from various sources, which have come at different times under my own observation, and which may suffice to indicate the character of the mistakes into which translators not specially conversant with the subject under discussion are apt to fall:—Zusammensetzung des Worts, “connection of the words;” den gewichtigen Gleichbau, “the forcible comparison;” was betrifft der Structur, “as regards the style;” prinzipiell, “principal;” in einer … Rection, “in a direction;” zu interpungiren, “to interpolate;” sächliche Objecte, “sensible objects;” sinnliche Vorstellung, “ingenious representation;” sinnfällig, “spirit-crushing;” in dem ergänzten Vordersatze, “in the enlarged premise;” technischer Terminus, “technical terminus;” unverträglich, “unbearable;” Vorwurf, “theme;” Ausweg, “elucidation;” Vorhaltung des thatsächlichen Bestandes, “reproach against the actual resistance offered;” ein Anklang unserer Stelle, “a corroboration of our passage;” Hellenen, “Hellenists;” verzweifelnde Verachtung, “doubtful repute;” Cult, “culture;” absonderlich, “ingenious;” Attraction, “contraction;” den von Hofm. angezogenen Belegen gemäss, “not in conformity to the accompaniments added to it by H.;” thatsächliche Belege zu, “actual consequences of;” eigentlicher Sinn, “actual sense;” mit Accus. der Person und der Sache, “with the accusative of the person and on the case generally;” als der “Welt verfallen, “as adapted to the world;” das Richturtheil, “the right sentence;” dem sittlichen Dünkel, “individuals in moral darkness;” eine schleppende Wiederholung, “a repetition too long delayed;” der so gewandt die griechische Schriftsprache handhabende, “who so cleverly applied to his use utterances of the Greek Scriptures;” Medium (used of the “middle” voice) “the medium;” ist erst Folge, “is the first consequence;” ein schiefer Gedanke, “a deeper thought;” frei nach der LXX, “entirely from the LXX;” anschauliche Bezeichnung, “a subjective relation;” der nachsätzliche δέ , “the emphatic δέ ;” “Reihe und Glied, “row and member;” thetischer, “theistic;” unter dogmatischen Händeln sein Leben verlor, “lost his life by ecclesiastical visitation;” Beides halbirend, “preserving both;” Philo l.c. “Philo passim;” Isidorus Hispalensis, “Isidore of Spain;” Theophil. ad Autol., “Theophylact ad Autol.;” Beyschlag (proper name), “a bye-blow.”
In reproducing so great a masterpiece of exegesis, I have not thought it proper to omit any part of its discussions or of its references—however little some of these may appear likely to be of interest or use to English scholars—because an author such as Dr. Meyer is entitled to expect that his work shall not be tampered with, and I have not felt myself at liberty to assume that the judgment of others as to the expediency of any omission would coincide with my own. Nor have I deemed it necessary to append any notes of dissent from, or of warning against, the views of Dr. Meyer, even where these are decidedly at variance with opinions which I hold. Strong representations were made to me that it was desirable to annex to certain passages notes designed to counteract their effect, but it is obvious that, if I had adopted this course in some instances, I should have been held to accept or approve of the author’s views in other cases where I had not inserted any such caveat. The book is intended for, and can in fact only be used with advantage by, the professional scholar. Its general exegetical excellence far outweighs its occasional doctrinal defects; and, in issuing it without note or comment, I take for granted that the reader will use it, as he ought, with discrimination. He will find a valuable exhibition of complementary views in the American translation of Dr. Lange’s Commentary, accompanied with elaborate notes by Dr. Schaff, and issued in this country by Messrs. Clark, while the logical sequence and doctrinal significance of the Epistle will be found specially developed in the Commentary of Dr. Charles Hodge.
The translation of the present volume has been made with care by the Rev. John C. Moore. I have revised it throughout, and carried it through the press. I subjoin to this Preface a note of the Exegetical Literature of the Epistle to the Romans, and of the Pauline or Apostolic Epistles generally; because information respecting it is often desired, and is only to be gathered from such works as Walch’s Bibliotheca Theologica, Winer’s Handbuch der theologischer Literatur, Darling’s Cyclopaedia Bibliographica, and other sources, which are not always accessible to the student. I have also indicated, in general, the official position of the writers, and the date of their death. A notice is also prefixed to this volume—once for all—of some abbreviations, etc. used throughout the work.
The General Preface, specially written by Dr. Meyer for the English translation, will now be read with a deeper interest, as it was the last production of his pen. As these sheets were passing through the press—and while recent accounts had testified to the almost unimpaired vigour with which he was still pursuing in a green old age the revision of his Commentary—the news arrived of his death, after a very brief illness, on the 21st of June. The life of a scholar presents in general little of outward incident; but the following brief outline of the leading facts in his career, which has been kindly furnished to me by his son Dr. Gustav Meyer, will not be without interest.
Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer was born on 10th January 1800 at Gotha, where his father was shoemaker to the Court. He attended the Gymnasium of his native town, where he was imbued by Schulze, Doering, and Rost with the most earnest zeal for the study of the classical languages, and, while at school there, he laid the foundation of those sure and solid attainments, and of that grammatical acuteness and precision, by the application of which to exegesis he has acquired so well founded a reputation in the theological world. At the age of eighteen he finished his school course with the greatest distinction as primus omnium, and entered the University of Jena, with a view to study theology under the guidance of Gabler, Danz, and Schott, while he also attended the prelections of Luden on History and of Fries on Philosophy. After two years and a half of study there he left Jena, passed his examination, and went to Grone near Göttingen, to act as resident tutor in the Academy of Pastor Oppermann, whose daughter he afterwards married. In January 1823, after having been examined afresh, he was appointed to the pastoral cure of the hamlet of Osthausen. On the dying out of the Gotha line, Osthausen was annexed to the Duchy of Meiningen. While settled there, he issued his edition of the Libri symbolici ecclesiae Lutheranae, which was published in 1830 by Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht at Göttingen. He had already acquired, in the year 1827, by Colloquium from the Consistory of Hannover the necessary recognition ad eundem in that kingdom, and in January 1831 he became pastor at Harste near Göttingen. Here he commenced the work, to which with untiring zeal he devoted himself (mostly during the earliest hours of the morning) down to the end of his life—his Commentary on the New Testament. In the autumn of 1837 he was called to Hoya as Superintendent, and after four years was transferred to Hannover as Consistorialrath, Superintendent and Pastor Primarius in the Neustädter Kirche. In 1845 the degree of Doctor of Theology was conferred on him by the Theological Faculty of Göttingen. A very painful abdominal affection in the year 1846, which compelled him to refrain entirely from work for a considerable period, tended to mature his resolution to give up a position which involved too great an amount of labour, and to devote himself to the Consistory alone. He did so accordingly in the summer of 1848. In May 1861 he received the title of Oberconsistorialrath. On the 1st October 1865 he retired, retaining at first the superintendence of certain examinations, which however he soon also gave up. During the night of the 15th June in the present year he was seized with intussusception, which proved beyond the reach of medical skill, and which, after a painful illness, put an end to his busy life on the 21st of June.
If the great work, on which rests his fame, shall meet in this country with but a tithe of the acceptance which it has found in Germany, those who have taken part with me in reproducing it will not account their labour lost.
W. P. D.
GLASGOW COLLEGE, September 1873.[6] n loc. refers to the note of the commentator or editor named on the particular passage.
ABAILARD (Peter), [7] 1142, Scholastic: Commentariorum super S. Pauli Epistolam ad Romanos libri v. [Opera.]
[7] marks the date of the author’s death
ALESIUS [or HALES] (Alexander), [8] 1565, Prof. Theol. at Leipzig: Disputationes in Epistolam ad Romanos, cum P. Melancthonis praefatione. 8°, Vitemb. 1553.
[8] marks the date of the author’s death
ALEXANDER Natalis. See NOEL (Alexandre).
ALTING (Jacobus), [9] 1679, Prof. Theol. at Gröningen: Commentarius theoretico-practicus in Epistolam ad Romanos. [Opera.] 2°, Amstel. 1686.
[9] marks the date of the author’s death
AMBIANENSIS (Georgius), [10] 1657, Capuchin monk at Paris: Trina Pauli theologia … seu omnigena in universas Pauli epistolas commentaria exegetica, tropologica et anagogica. 2°, Paris. 1649–50.
[10] marks the date of the author’s death
AMBROSIASTER [or PSEDDO-AMBROSIUS], c[11] 380, generally identified with Hilarius the Deacon: Commentarius in Epistolas xiii. B. Pauli. [Ambrosii Opera.]
[11] . circa
ANSELMUS [or HERVEUS], c[12] 1100: Enarrationes in omnes S. Pauli Epistolas. 2°, Paris. 1533.
[12] . circa
AQUINAS (Thomas), [13] 1274, Scholastic: Expositio in omnes Epistolas S. Pauli. 2°, Basil. 1475 al[14]
[13] marks the date of the author’s death
[14] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
ARBOREUS (Joannes), c[15] 1550, Prof. Theol. at Paris: Commentarius in omnes Pauli Epistolas. 2°, Paris. 1553.
[15] . circa
ARETIUS (Benedictus), [16] 1574, Prof. Theol. at Berne: Commentarii in omnes Epistolas D. Pauli, et canonicas. 2°, Morgiis, 1683.
[16] marks the date of the author’s death
BALDUIN (Friedrich), [17] 1627, Prof. Theol. at Wittenberg: Commentarius in omnes Epistolas apostoli Pauli … (Separately, 1608–1630). 4°, Francof. 1644 al[18]
[17] marks the date of the author’s death
[18] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
BAUMGARTEN (Sigmund Jakob), [19] 1757, Prof. Theol. at Halle: Auslegung des Briefes Pauli an die Römer. 4°, Halae, 1749.
[19] marks the date of the author’s death
BAUMGARTEN-CRUSIUS (Ludwig Friedrich Otto), [20] 1843, Prof. Theol. at Jena: Commentar zum Römerbrief. 8°, Jena, 1844.
[20] marks the date of the author’s death
BEDA Venerabilis, [21] 735, Monk at Jarrow: Expositio in Epistolas Pauli [a Catena from the works of Augustine, probably by Florus Lugdunensis, c[22] 852], et In Epistolas septem catholicas liber. [Opera.].
[21] marks the date of the author’s death
[22] . circa
BEELEN (Jean-Théodore), R. C. Prof. of Or. Lang. at Louvain: Commentarius in Epistolam S. Pauli ad Romans 8°, Lovanf, 1854.
BELSHAM (Thomas) [23] 1829, Unitarian minister in London: The Epistles of Paul the Apostle translated, with an exposition and notes. 4°, Lond. 1822.
[23] marks the date of the author’s death
BENECKE (Wilhelm), [24] 1837, retired Hamburg merchant: Der Brief Pauli an die Römer erläutert; 8°, Heidelb. 1831.
[24] marks the date of the author’s death
Translated.… 8°, Lond. 1854.
BISPING (August), R. C. Prof. Theol. at Münster: Exegetisches Handbuch zu den Briefen der Apostels Paulus. 8°, Münster, 1854–8 al[25]
[25] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
BOEHME (Christian Friedrich), [26] 1844, Pastor at Lucka near Altenburg: Epistola Pauli ad Romanos Graece cum commentario perpetuo. 8°, Lips. 1806.
[26] marks the date of the author’s death
BRAIS (Etienne de), c[27] 1680, Prof. Theol. at Saumur: Epistolae Pauli ad Romanos analysis paraphrastica cum notis. 4°, Salmurii, 1670.
[27] . circa
BRENT (Johann), [28] 1570, Provost at Stuttgard: Commentarius in Epistolam ad Romans 2°, Francof. 1564 al[29]
[28] marks the date of the author’s death
[29] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
BROWN (David), D.D., Prof. Theol. Free Church College, Aberdeen: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, embracing the last results of criticism. 12°, Glasg. 1860.
BROWN (John), D.D., [30] 1858, Prof. Exeg. Theol. to the United Presbyterian Church, Edinburgh: Analytical Exposition of the Epistle of Paul … to the Romans 8°, Edin. 1857.
[30] marks the date of the author’s death
BRUNO, [31] 1101, Founder of the Carthusian Order: Commentarius in omnes Epistolas Pauli. 2°, Paris. 1509.
[31] marks the date of the author’s death
BUCER (Martin), [32] 1551, Prof. Theol. at Cambridge: Metaphrasis et enarratio in Epistolam Pauli ad Romans 2°, Basil. 1562.
[32] marks the date of the author’s death
BUGENHAGEN (Johann), [33] 1558, Prof. Theol. at Wittenberg: Interpretatio Epistolae Pauli ad Romans 8°, Hagenoae, 1523.
[33] marks the date of the author’s death
BULLINGER (Heinrich), [34] 1575, Pastor at Zürich: Commentarii in omnes Epistolas apostolorum. 2°, Tiguri, 1537 al[35]
[34] marks the date of the author’s death
[35] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
CAJETANUS [Tommaso da Vio], [36] 1534, Cardinal: Epistolae S. Pauli et aliorum apostolorum ad Graecam veritatem castigatae et juxta sensum literalem enarratae. 2°, Venet. 1531 al[37]
[36] marks the date of the author’s death
[37] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
CALIXTUS (Georg), [38] 1656, Prof. Theol. at Helmstadt: Expositiones litterales in Epistolas ad Romanos, ad Corinthios priorem et posteriorem, ad Galatas, ad Ephesios, ad Philippenses, ad Colossenses, ad Thessalonienses … et ad Titum. 4°, Helmstadii, 1664–66.
[38] marks the date of the author’s death
CALVIN [CHAUVIN] (Jean), [39] 1564: Commentarii in omnes Epistolas Pauli apostoli atque etiam Epistolam ad Ebraeos; necnon in Epistolas canonicas. 2°, Genevae, 1551 al[40]
[39] marks the date of the author’s death
[40] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
CAPELLUS [CAPPEL] (Louis), [41] 1658. See ACTS.
[41] marks the date of the author’s death
CARPZOV (Johann Benedict), [42] 1803, Prof. Theol. and Greek at Helmstadt: Stricturae theologicae et criticae in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos … 8°, Helmstad. 1758.
[42] marks the date of the author’s death
CASSIODORUS (Magnus Aurelius), [43] 563, Chancellor of the Ostrogoth empire: Complexiones in Epistolas apostolorum, in Acta et in Apocalypsim quasi brevissima explanatione decursas.… 8°, Florent. 1721 al[44]
[43] marks the date of the author’s death
[44] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
CATARINO (Ambrogio). See POLITI (Lanzelotto).
CHALMERS (Thomas), D.D., [45] 1847, Principal of F. C. College, Edinburgh: Lectures on the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans 12°, Glasg. 1842 al[46]
[45] marks the date of the author’s death
[46] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
CHRYSOSTOMUS (Joannes), [47] 407, Archbishop of Constantinople: Homiliae in Epistolas Pauli.[Opera.]
[47] marks the date of the author’s death
CHYTRAEUS [or KOCHHAFE] (David), [48] 1600, Prof. Theol. at Rostock: Epistola Pauli ad Romanos, brevi ac dialectica dispositione partium et grammatica declaratione textus … explicata. 8°, n. p. 1599.
[48] marks the date of the author’s death
CLAUDE (Jean), [49] 1687, Minister at the Hague: Commentaire sur l’Epître aux Romains. [Oeuvres.]
[49] marks the date of the author’s death
CONTARINI (Gaspare), [50] 1542, Cardinal: Scholia in Epistolas Pauli. [Opera.] 2°, Paris. 1571 al[51]
[50] marks the date of the author’s death
[51] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
CONTZEN (Adam), [52] 1618, Jesuit at Mentz: Commentaria in Epistolam S. Pauli ad Romans 2°, Colon. 1629.
[52] marks the date of the author’s death
CONYBEARE (William John, M.A.), HOWSON (John Saul), D.D.: Life and Epistles of St. Paul. 4°, Lond. 1852 al[53]
[53] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
COX (Robert) M.A., P. C. of Stonehouse, Devon: Horae Romanae, or an attempt to elucidate St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, by an original translation, explanatory notes, and new divisions. 8°, Lond. 1824.
CRAMER (Johann Andreas), [54] 1788, Prof. Theol. at Kiel: Der Brief Pauli an die Römer aufs neue übersetzt und ausgelegt. 4°, Leip. 1784.
[54] marks the date of the author’s death
CRELL (Johann), [55] 1633, Socinian teacher at Cracow: Commentarius in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos, ex praelectionibus ejus conscriptus a Jona Schlichtingio.… 8° Racov. 1636.
[55] marks the date of the author’s death
CRUCIGER [CREUZINGER] (Kaspar), [56] 1548, Pastor at Leipzig: Commentarius in Epistolam Pauli ad Romans 8°, Vitemb. 1567.
[56] marks the date of the author’s death
DALE (John): Analysis of all the Epistles of the New Testament. 12° Oxf. 1652.
DAMASCENUS (Joannes), [57] 754, Monk at S. Saba: Ex universa interpretatione J. Chrysostomi excerpta compendiaria in Epistolas S. Pauli. [Opera.]
[57] marks the date of the author’s death
DELITZSCH (Franz), Prof. Theol. at Leipzig: Brief an die Römer aus dem griechischen Urtext in das hebräische uebersetzt und aus Talmud und Midrasch erläutert. 8° Leip. 1870.
DICKSON (David), [58] 1662, Prof. Theol. at Glasgow and Edinburgh: Expositio analytica omnium apostolicarum Epistolarum.… 4°, Glasg. 1645.
[58] marks the date of the author’s death
and Analytical Exposition of all the Epistles. 2°, Lond. 1659.
DIEU (Louis de), [59] 1642, Prof. in the Walloon College at Leyden: Animadversiones in Epistolam ad Romanos. Accessit spicilegium in reliquas ejusdem apostoli, ut et catholicas epistolas. 4°, Lugd. Bat. 1646.
[59] marks the date of the author’s death
DIONYSIUS CARTHUSIANUS [DENYS DE RYCKEL], [60] 1471, Carthusian monk: Elucidissima in divi Pauli Epistolas commentaria. 8°, Paris. 1531.
[60] marks the date of the author’s death
EDWARDS (Timothy), M.A., Vicar of Okehampton, Devon: Paraphrase, with critical annotations on the Epistles to the Romans and Galatians, with an analytical scheme of the whole. 4°, Lond. 1752.
EST [ESTIUS] (Willem Hessels van), [61] 1613, R. C. Chancellor of Douay: In omnes beati Pauli et aliorum apostolorum Epistolas commentarius. 2°, Duaci, 1614–16, al[62]
[61] marks the date of the author’s death
[62] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
EWALD (Georg Heinrich August), Prof. Or. Lang. at Göttingen: Die Sendschreiben des Apostels Paulus übersetzt und erklärt. 8°, Götting. 1857.
EWBANK (William Withers), M.A., Incumbent at Everton: Commentary on the Epistle of Paul to the Romans … 8°, Lond. 1850–51.
FABER Stapulensis (Jacobus) [Jacques Lefevre d’Etaples], [63] 1536, resident at Nerac: Commentarius in Epistolas Pauli … 2°, Paris. 1512 al[64]
[63] marks the date of the author’s death
[64] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
FAYE (Antoine de la), [65] 1616, Prof. at Geneva: Commentarius in Epistolam ad Romans 8°, Genevae, 1608.
[65] marks the date of the author’s death
FELL (John), [66] 1686, Bishop of Oxford: A Paraphrase and annotations upon all the Epistles of St. Paul, by Abraham Woodhead, Richard Allestry and Obadiah Walker. Corrected and improved by Dr. John Fell. [First issued anonymously in 1675.] 8°. Lond. 1708.
[66] marks the date of the author’s death
FERME (Charles), [67] 1617, Principal of Fraserburgh College: Analysis logica in Epistolam ad Romans 12°, Edin. 1651 al[68]
[67] marks the date of the author’s death
[68] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
FERUS [WILD] (Johannes), [69] 1554, Cathedral Preacher at Mentz: Exegesis in Epistolam Paulli ad Romans 8°, Paris. 1559.
[69] marks the date of the author’s death
FEUARDENT (François), [70] 1612, Franciscan preacher at Paris: Commentarius in Epistolam ad Romans 8°, Paris, 1599.
[70] marks the date of the author’s death
FLATT (Johann Friedrich von), [71] 1821, Prof. Theol. at Tübingen: Vorlesungen über den Brief Pauli an die Römer, herausgegeben von Ch. D. F. Hoffmann. 8°, Tübing. 1825.
[71] marks the date of the author’s death
FLORUS Lugdunensis, c[72] 852. See BEDA.
[72] . circa
FORBES (John), LL.D., Prof. of Oriental Languages at Aberdeen: Analytical commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, tracing the train of thought by the aid of parallelism. 8°, Edinb. 1868.
FRITZSCHE (Karl Friedrich August), [73] 1846, Prof. Theol. at Rostock: Pauli ad Romanos Epistola. Recensuit et cum commentariis perpetuis edidit. 8°, Halis, 1836–43.
[73] marks the date of the author’s death
FROMOND (Libert), [74] 1653, Prof. Sac. Scrip. at Louvain: Commentarius in omnes Epistolas Pauli apostoli et in septem canonicas aliorum apostolorum epistolas. 2°, Lovan. 1663 al[75]
[74] marks the date of the author’s death
[75] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
GAGNÉE (Jean de), [76] 1549, Rector of the University of Paris: Brevissima et facillima in omnes divi Pauli et canonicas epistolas scholia. 8°, Paris, 1543 al[77]
[76] marks the date of the author’s death
[77] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
GERHARD (Johann), [78] 1637, Prof. Theol. at Jena: Adnotationes posthumae in Epistolam at Romanos, cum Analectis Jo. Ernesti Gerhardi. 4°, Jenae. 1666 al[79]
[78] marks the date of the author’s death
[79] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
GLÖCKLER (Conrad),: Der Brief des Apostel Paulus an die Römer erklärt. 8°, Frankf.-a.-M. 1834.
GOMAR (François), [80] 1641, Prof. Theol. at Gröningen: Analysis et explication Epistolarum Pauli ad Romanos, Gal. Philipp. Coloss. Philem. Hebraeos. [Opera.] 2°, Amstel. 1644.
[80] marks the date of the author’s death
GRÖNEWEGEN (Henricus), [81] 1692, Minister at Enkhuizen: Vytleginge van den Zendbrief Paulli aan de Romeynen. 4°, Gorinchem, 1681.
[81] marks the date of the author’s death
GUALTHER [WALTHER] (Rudolph), [82] 1586, Pastor at Zurich: Homiliae in omnes Epistolas apostolorum. 2°, Tiguri, 1599.
[82] marks the date of the author’s death
GUILLIAUD (Claude), [83] 1550, Theological Lecturer at Autun: Collationes in omnes Epistolas Pauli. 4°, Lugd. 1542 al[84]
[83] marks the date of the author’s death
[84] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
HALDANE (Robert), of Airthrey, [85] 1842: Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans, with remarks on the Commentaries of Dr. Macknight, Prof. Tholuck, and Prof. Moses Stuart. 12°, Lond. 1842 al[86]
[85] marks the date of the author’s death
[86] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
HAYMO, [87] 853, Bishop of Halberstadt [or REMIGIUS]: Commentarius in Epistolas S. Pauli. 2°, Paris. 1556 al[88]
[87] marks the date of the author’s death
[88] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
HEMMING [or HEMMINGSEN] (Niels), [89] 1600, Prof. Theol. at Copenhagen: Commentarius in omnes Epistolas apostolorum. 2°, Lips. 1572 al[90]
[89] marks the date of the author’s death
[90] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
HEMSEN (Johann Tychsen), [91] 1830, Prof. Theol. at Göttingen: Der Apostel Paulus, sein Leben, Wirken, und siene Schriften herausgegeben von F. Luecke. 8°, Götting. 1830.
[91] marks the date of the author’s death
HENGEL (Wessel Albert van), Prof. Theol. in Leyden: Interpretatio Epistolae Pauli ad Romans 8°, Lugd. Bat. 1854–9.
HERVEUS DOLENSIS, c[92] 1130, Benedictine. See ANSELMUS.
[92] . circa
HESHUSIUS (Tilemann), [93] 1588, Prof. Theol. at Helmstadt: Commentarius in omnes Epistolas Pauli. 2°, Lips. 1605.
[93] marks the date of the author’s death
HIPSTED (Johann), [94] 1681, Prof. in Gymnasium at Bremen: Collationes philologicae in Epistolam ad Romans 4°, Bremae, 1675.
[94] marks the date of the author’s death
HODGE (Charles), D.D., Prof. Theol. at Princeton: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans 8°, Philadelphia, 1835 al[95]
[95] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
HOFMANN (Johann Christian Konrad von), Prof. Theol. at Erlangen: Die Heilige Schrift Neuen Testaments zusammenhängend untersucht. III. Theil. Brief an die Römer. 8°, Nördlingen, 1868.
HUGO DE S. VICTORE, [96] 1141, Monk at Paris: Quaestiones circa Epistolas Pauli. [Opera.]
[96] marks the date of the author’s death
HYPERIUS [GERHARD] (Andreas), [97] 1564, Prof. Theol. at Marburg: Commentarii in Pauli Epistolas. 2°, Tiguri, 1583.
[97] marks the date of the author’s death
JATHO (Georg Friedrich), Director of Gymnasium at Hildesheim: Pauli Brief an die Römer nach seinem inneren Gedankengange erläutert. 8°, Hildesheim, 1858–9.
JOWETT (Benjamin), M.A., Master of Balliol College, Oxford: The Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians, Galatians, Romans, with critical notes and dissertations. 8°, Lond. 1855.
JUSTINIANI [GIUSTINIANI] (Benedetto), [98] 1622, S. J. Prof. Theol. at Rome: Explanations in onmes Pauli Epistolas [et in omnes catholicas]. 2°, Lugd. 1612–21.
[98] marks the date of the author’s death
KISTEMAKER (Johann Hyazinth), [99] 1834, R. C. Prof. Theol. at Münster: Die Sendschreiben der Apostel (und die Apocalypse), übersetzt und erklärt. 8°, Münster, 1822–3.
[99] marks the date of the author’s death
KLEE (Heinrich), [100] 1840, R. C. Prof. Theol. at Münich: Commentar über des Apostel Pauli Sendschreiben an die Römer. 8°, Mainz, 1830.
[100] marks the date of the author’s death
KNIGHT (Robert): A Critical Commentary on the Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Romans 8°, Lond. 1854.
KÖLLNER (Wilhelm Heinrich Dorotheus Eduard), c[101] 1850, Prof. Theol. at Göttingen: Commentar zu dem Briefe des Paulus an die Römer. 8°, Darmst. 1834.
[101] . circa
KREHL (August Ludwig Gottlob), [102] 1855, Prof. Pract. Theol. at Leipzig: Der Brief an die Römer ausgelegt. 8°, Leip. 1849.
[102] marks the date of the author’s death
LANFRANC, [103] 1089, Archbishop of Canterbury: Commentarii in omnes D. Pauli Epistolas. [Opera.]
[103] marks the date of the author’s death
LAPIDE (Cornelius à) [VAN DEN STEEN], [104] 1637, S. J. Prof. of Sacred Scripture at Louvain: Commentaria in omnes D. Pauli Epistolas. 2°, Antwerp. 1614 et al[105]
[104] marks the date of the author’s death
[105] t al. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
LAUNAY (Pierre de), Sieur de La Motte: Paraphrase et exposition sur les Epistres de S. Paul. 4°, Saumur et Charenton, 1647–50.
LEEUWEN (Gerbrand van), [106] 1721, Prof. Theol. at Amsterdam: Verhandeling van den Sendbrief Paulli aan de Romeynen. 4°, Amst. 1688–99.
[106] marks the date of the author’s death
LEWIN (Thomas), M.A.: The life and Epistles of S. Paul. 8°, Lond. 1851.
LIMBORCH (Philipp van), [107] 1712, Arminian Prof. Theol. at Amsterdam: Commentarius in Acta Apostolorum et in Epistolas ad Romanos et ad Ebraeos. 2°, Roterod. 1711.
[107] marks the date of the author’s death
LIVERMORE (Abiel Abbot), Minister at Cincinnati: The Epistle of Paul to the Romans, with a commentary and revised translation, and introductory essays. 12°, Boston, U. S., 1855.
LOCKE (John), [108] 1704. See GALATIANS.
[108] marks the date of the author’s death
LOMBARDUS (Petrus), [109] 1160, Scholastic: Collectanea in omnes Epistolas D. Pauli ex. SS. Patribus. 2°, Paris. 1535 al[110]
[109] marks the date of the author’s death
[110] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
MACKNIGHT (James), D.D., [111] 1800, Minister at Edinburgh: A new literal translation … of all the apostolical Epistles, with a commentary and notes, philological, critical, explanatory and practical … 4°, Edin. 1795 al[112]
[111] marks the date of the author’s death
[112] l. and others; and other passages; and other editions.
MAIER (Adalbert), R. C. Prof. Theol. at Freiburg: Commentar über den Brief Pauli an die Römer. 8°, Freiburg, 1847.
MARTYR (Peter) [VERMIGLI], [113] 1562, Prof. Theol. at Strasburg: In Epistolam ad Romanos commentarii … 2°, Basil. 1558, al[114]
[113] marks the date of the author’s death
[114] l. and others;