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a term used by the A.V. to denote various degrees of authority and power absolute and limited, acquired by birth or by election, military and civil. The numerous and mostly vague original terms are found in other passages translated by "ruler," "chief," "prince, "captain," etc.
1. ðָâִéã nagid' (Phcan. ðָâִãָà ðָâִã ; Ar. najid; Syr. nagida; from ðָâִã , a verb only used in Hiph. and Hoph. in the signification of to tell). The original meaning of this root is to rise, to become conspicuous, visible, to be in front (comp. ðֶâֶã ), pacesto, vorstehen, to lead, to be first (compare Germ. Fürst=prince). The noun ðָâִéã therefore, denoten a prominent personage, whatever his capacity, and is used of a chief or praefect, "governor" of the royal palace, Azriksm (2Ch_28:7; compare 1Ki_4:6; Isa_22:15; ïἰêüíïìïò , chamberlain, secretary of state), whose power ( îֶîְùֶׁìֶú ) seems to have been very considerable (compare Isa_22:21 sq. "Shebnah... a nail to the throne"), and who, it would appear, was distinguished from the aother court officers by a particularly brilliant uniform (girdle and robe), and to whose insignia belonged a key worn over the shoulder. In a wider sense the word is applied to the chief of the Temple: Azariah, the high-priest, "a ruler of the house of God." (1Ch_9:11; comp. 2Ch_31:13); Pasur, "chief governor of the house of God" (Jer_20:1); further, to the "leader of the aronites," Jehoiadah (1Ch_12:27). Again,"it is used of the keeper of the sacred treasury, "Shebuel, ruler of the treasures" (1Ch_26:24); of the chieftains of a tribe, "Zebadiab, the ruler of the house of Judah" (2Ch_19:11) of the "captains" of the army (1Ch_13:1; 2Ch_32:21); of the oldest son of the kiteg, the heir apparent, "Abijab, the son of Maacbah [the chief], to be ruler among his brethren" (2Ch_11:22). It is finally applied to the king himself: to Saul (A. Vers. "anoint him to be captain, "1Sa_9:16, etc.), to "Messiah [the Anointed], the Prince" (Dan_9:25, etc.). In the plural the word occurs in the more, general sense of aristocracy, "Nobles" (Pro_8:16). The Targum renders ùåôèéäí "their judges," by îðâéִãéäåï and in the Talmud ðâéãà is used parabalically for "leader of a flock." "'When the shepherd is angry with his flock he gives it a blind leader"' (Baba K. 52) — a corrupt generation to which God appoints a bad king. How far the Talmudical use of ðâã , in the sense of "flagellate" (Pes. 52) and of "extend'' (Baba Mez. 74), may be connected with the notion of supremacy, reign, we cannot decide here.
2. ðָùַׁà , nasi' (from ðָùִׂà , to carry, lift up; lit. raised, exalted, elected; Sept. ἡãïýìåíïò , ἄñ÷ùí ), a word applied to the chiefs of. the families of which a. tribe was composed (Num_3:24; Num_3:30; Num_3:32; Num_3:35; Num_16:2, etc.; as many as 250 on one occasion, Num_16:2);. And who, as deputies (commoners) at the National Assembly, are also called Nasis of the congregation, or Nasis of Israel (elected, called to the assembly). But it was also used, of the twelve supreme chiefs of the triales themselves (Num_2:3 sq.; Num_7:2 sq.; Num_3:32, etc.). Both these dignities, the chiefdom of a family as well as that of a tribe, would appear to have been elective corresponding to the word ðָùִׂéà not hereditary, as Michaelis and Winer hold. The Nasi of Judah, e.g. Nahshon ben-Aminadab, does not descend from the first line of the tribe (Numbers 2; compare 1Ch_2:9-10). The Nasi of Issachars again, is called Nathaniel ben- Shuar, a name not found among the eldest sons of this tribe (1Ch_7:1-3). Finally, in the table of the Nasis — no doubt the chiefs of the tribes — to whom the division of the Promised Land was intrusted by Moses at his death no son of the Nasts of the desert occurs (Munk, Palaest. page 194). ðָéùַׁà is further employed for generals, under a head ( øàùׁ ), 1Ch_7:40; of Abraham, a Nasi of God, a mighty sheik; for non-Israelitish "princes:” of the Midianites (Jos_13:21), and of the Hivites (Shechem) (Gen_34:2). On the Maccabaean coins Simeon is called "Nasi of Israel." Nasi was also the official name of the president of the Sanhedrim (under whom stood the "father of the tribunal, or vice-president"), whose seat was in the middle of the seventy-one manem bers (Maim. Jad. Chaz. 14, Syn. 1).
3. ôָּ÷ִéã , paktd' (from ôָּ÷ִã , to appoint), an officer, official, magistrate, applied to the ecclesiastical delegate of the high-priest, who, together with the king's scribe, had to empty the chest cotaining the contribution to the Temple (2Ch_24:11); to the Levites (Neh_11:22);. to the "chief " of the Temple (Jer_20:1-2); to "officers in the house of the Lord" (Jer_29:26); to a military commander (2Ki_25:19; Jeremiah 53:25), and to his adjutant or principal manager (Jdg_9:28). Further, to the officers whom Joseph suggested that Pharaoh should put over Egypt during the years of the famine (Gen_41:34); to those who were to gather all the virgins unto Shushan for Ahasuerus (Est_2:3); to praefects, "overseers," etc. (Neh_11:9; Neh_12:42); and, finally, to the nobles or "princes" of the king (Jer_20:1; 2Ch_35:8).
4. ùִׁìִּéè , Shallit', Heb. and Aram. (from ùָׁìִè to rule, have power, Arab. id. comp. Sultan); "one who hath power" (Ecc_8:8); "Arioch, the king's captain" (Dan_2:15); "Joseph, the governor over the land" (Gen_42:6); a "mighty man" or hero (Ecc_7:19); a "king" or satrap (Ezr_4:20); Daniel, the third "ruler" (Dan_5:29), etc. The verb ùָׁìִè is also used in later Hebrew in the sense "to have power," of evil hours, evil spirits, etc
5. àִìּåּ , Allûph´ (from àָìִ ; Arab. id. to join, etc.); originally, one who is put over a "thousand," or àֶì ֶ viz. the round number of families which constitute a clan or subdivision of a tribe; (comp. old Saxon "Hundred"). It is first used of the chiefs, "dukes," of Edom (Genesis 36; 1Ch_1:51); we find it at a later period also applied to Jewish chiefs (Zec_9:7; Zec_12:5-6). This word is not to be confounded either with the captain of a body of a thousand men, or with the "rulers of thousands," a kind of magistrates selected by Moses, on the advice of Jethro, for the purpose of judging the smaller matters during the sojourn of the Israelites in the desert; and who were, at a later period, superseded by the regular institution of the judges. The further use of the word in the sense of "friend" (parallel with øֵ , companion, Mic_7:5; Pro_16:28, or îְéֻøָ , acquaintance, Psa_55:14) must be traced directly to the root ( àָìִ , to accustom one's self). It may further be noticed here that Mat_2:6 seems to have read the passage in Mic_5:2, áְּàִìְôֵé , éְäåּãָä "among the thousands [clans] of Judah," as áְּàִìּåּôֵé éְäåּãä "among the princes of Judah."
Derived from the partic. act. (Kal and Piel) are the following four: 6. îְäֹ÷ֵ÷ çֹ÷ֵ÷ , Chokêk´, Mechokek' (from çָ÷ִ÷ ), lit. an engraver, a writer — scil. of laws ( çֵ÷ֶ÷ çֻ÷ִּ÷ çֹ÷ , law, decree); a lawgiver (Gen_49:10; Deu_33:21); one who decides by the law: a judge (Isa_10:1, parallel with "they that write;" with "they that handle the pen of the writer," Jdg_5:14); "the Lord is our judge, the Lord is our lawgiver, the Lord is our king" (Isa_33:22); "princes decree justice" (Pro_8:15), etc. The Talmud has retained the original meaning of engraving, painting, writing, e.g. éåðúï ç÷å÷ä (Gem. Pes. 1, a), is explained by “of the engravers, scribes" (Aruch, s.v.), and the imitation implied in the notion of "drawing" has become fixed in the word ür. (Talm. Chul. 41, b, "that he shall not imitate the Sadducees").
7. îùֵׁì , Moshel' ( îָùֵׁì , to be strong), one who reigns, holds dominion, "rules;" used for nearly all degrees of power: of the taskmaster of the ant (Pro_6:7), the husband who rules his wife (Gen_3:16), Eliezer, who had the management of Abraham's house (Gen_24:2), Joseph, the second in command over a country (Gen_45:8), an absolute king (Psa_105:20; Isa_16:1); also in the bad sense of despot (Isa_14:5); of the Messiah (Mic_5:1); of God (1Ch_29:12; Psa_103:19), etc. No less is the word applied.to the sway which the sun and moon hold over day and night (Gen_1:18 ["eomnium moderator et dux sol," Cic. Tusc. 1:68; sol coeli rector," Pliny, 2:4]). In the Talmudical tract Jad. 76, îåùì is used for Pharaoh.
8. ùִׂø , Sar (from ùָׂøִø ,.to rule, reign; comp. Phcen. ñãàñéã ñøâã ; Assyr. ñã , king, e.g. "Nabukudurrusur Sar Babilu," Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Inscr. Borsippa, etc.), a word used of nearly all degrees of chiefdom or wardenship. It is applied to the chief baker of Pharaoh (Gen_40:16), to the chief butler (Gen_40:2), to the "ruler over the cattle" (Gen_47:6), to the keeper of the prison (Gen_39:21), to the taskmaster of the Israelites (Exo_1:11), to the "prince of the eunuchs" (Dan_1:7), to the "master of the song," Chenaniah (1Ch_15:27); further, to prsefects, civil or military, of very limited or very extensive authority: Zebul, the "ruler of Shechem" (Jdg_9:30); "Amon, the governor of the city" (1Ki_22:26); prefects of the provinces (1Ki_20:15); "decurion" (Exo_18:21); "a captain of fifty," ðåíôçêüíôáñ÷ïò (2Ki_1:9); captains (judges) over hundreds (Deu_1:15); over a thousand (1Sa_18:3); over many thousands (1Ch_15:25); "captain over half of the chariots of war" (1Ki_16:9); "captain of the host" (2Sa_24:2); general-in-chief (Gen_21:22; 1Sa_12:9): hence used after God of hosts of God himself (Dan_8:11). It occurs by itself in the absolute state as a parallel to "judge:" "who has made the a prince and a judge over us?" (Exo_2:14); to "elder" (Ezr_10:8), to "counselor" (Ezr_8:25), to "king" (Hos_3:4). The merchants of Tyre are called ùָׂøִéí , merchant princes (Isa_23:9); the same term is applied to noblemen and courtiers, "the princes of Pharaoh"' (Gen_12:15); "princes of Zoan" (Isa_19:11; Isa_19:13) The priests are called chiefs or princes of the sanctuary (Isa_43:28; 1Ch_25:5), and the chiefpriests again are called princes of the priests. Gradually the word came to be used of angels, as patrons and representatives of special nations (guardian angels): of Persia (Dan_10:13; Dan_10:20); of Greece (Dan_10:20); of Israel (Dan_10:21); Michael, "the great prince" (Dan_12:1); the chief princes (10:13); "the Prince of princes" God (8:25; comp. Sept. in Deu_32:8). The use of ùִׂã as guardian angel is retained in, the Midrash, but the word is also applied in the Talmud to "a hero at the table, a mighty drinker" (Nidd. 16, etc.). SEE CAPTAIN.
Of foreign origin is,
9. ôֶּçָä , Pechah", ôִּçָä , ôִּç ; Josephus, ἔðáñ÷ïò , of Tatnai (Ant. 11:4, 4). This word has been variously derived from the Persian for "magnates" (Bohlen); Persic "to cook"' (Ewald); Persic for "Satelles," "Pedisequus" (Gesenius); from; the Turkish for "general" (Frahn); from the Assyrian Pa/kha (Sanscr. Pakhshca); whence pasha — friend [of the king], adjutant, governor of a province (Benfey, Stern); from the Arab. Pe, "the lower," and gh, "royal office" = Pegah, sub-king (Furst); from the Arab. verb ôçå , wallen" (Jahn); and, finally, from the Hebrew ôçä = ç÷÷ ôáãÝù . It is applied to a subpraefect of a province, who is subject to the authority of the praefect or real governor, in contradistinction. from àçùãøôåï , a satrap (Est_8:9); from ùִׁï (ib.); from ñָâָï , "sagan," municipal officer (Jer_51:28); and from îֶìֶêְ , "king" or sub-king (2Ch_9:14). It is used of the "chiefs" of provinces in the Assyrian (2Ki_18:24; Isa_36:9), Babylonian [Chaldee] (Jer_51:57; Eze_23:6; Eze_23:23; Dan_3:2), Median, and Persian empires (Jer_51:28; Est_3:12; Est_8:9). Palestine stood, while under Persian dominion, under such officers, called "praefects over the river" (Euphrates), whose official residence [ ëñà ] was in Jerusalem (Neh_3:7; Ezr_5:3; Ezr_6:6; Neh_2:7; Neh_2:9). They were also called praefects of Judah (Hag_1:1); e.g. Zerubbabel (Ezr_2:63; Hag_2:21, etc.); Nehemiah, who succeeded Sheshbazzar (Nehemiah 5:5, 14;: 18:12). The word seems to have been adopted intothe Hebrew idiom at an early period, since we find it used in 1Ki_10:15 (2Ch_9:14) of the tributary chieftains "of the country" — together with the "kings of Arabia;" further, of Syrian captains to be put in the room of the (vice) kings at the.time of Ben-hadad (1Ki_20:24); and, finally, it passed current for any person in high authority who was to be propitiated by gifts (Mal_1:8). With respect to the Judaea, introduced by Persian rule, it would appear that their remuneration ("bread of the governor," Ezr_4:14) consisted partly in kind, partly in money ("bread, wine, and forty shekels of silver," Neh_5:15), chargeable upon the people (Neh_5:18 : "One ox and six choice sheep, also fowls, and once in ten days store of all sorts of wine"). Their office seems chiefly to have consisted in collecting the taxes of the province (Ezr_6:8); an office at a later period in the hands of the high-priest, and still later let out on lease. SEE PAHATH-MOAB.
10. The Chaldee term ñְâִï , Segan' (in,the plur ñִâְðִéï ) is applied (Dan_3:2; Dan_3:27; Dan_6:8) to the governors of the Babylonian satrapies, in a general way, in connection with other official terms, from which it is not clearly distinguishable, except that it appears to designate the provincial prsefects or viceroys; and elsewhere (Dan_2:48) it is applied to the praefects over the Magi, of whom one is especially entitled as chief or supreme ( ãִá ) over his colleagues. The corresponding Heb. term ñָâָï , sagan', is spoken of the provincial rulers under the Chaldee supremacy (Jer_2:23; Jer_2:28 where it distinguished from ôֶּçָä , above; Eze_23:6; Eze_23:12; Eze_23:23; comp. Isa_41:25); also to the chiefs and rulers of the people of Jerusalem under the Persian supremacy (Ezr_9:2; Neh_2:16; Neh_4:8; Neh_4:13; Neh_5:7; Neh_5:17; Neh_7:5; Neh_12:40; Neh_13:11; in many of which passages it is associated with other titles of office or honor); and in the Targums it is used of the vicar of the high-priest, or the presiding officer of the Temple. Corresponding to this term are the modern Persian, Arabic, and Syriac words for satrap. It is apparently of Sanscrit origin.
The Greek terms rendered in the N.T. "governor" are the following, of which the first two relate to public or military officers, and the last two to domestic usages:
11. Å᾿èíÜñ÷çò , Ethnarch (2Co_11:32), an officer of rank under Aretas, the Arabian king of Damascus. It is not easy to determine the capacity in which he acted. The term is applied in 1Ma_14:47; 1Ma_15:1, to Simon the high-priest, who was made general and ethnarch of the Jews as a vassal of Demetrius. From this the office would appear to be distinct from a military command. The jurisdiction of Archelaus, called .by Josephus (War, 2:6, 3) an ethnarchy, extended over Idumaea and all Judaea, the half of his father's kingdom, which he held as the emperor's vassal.: But, on' the other hand, Strabo (17:13), in enumerating the officers who formed part of the machinery of the Roman government in Egypt, mentions ethnarchs apparently as inferior both to the military commanders, .and to the monarchs, or governors of districts. Again, the praefect of the colony of Jews in Alexandria (called by Philo , lib. in Flacc. § 10) is designated by this title in the edict of Claudius given by Josephus Ant. 19:5, 2). According to Strabo (Joseph. Ant. 14:7, 2), he exercised the prerogatives of an ordinary independent ruler. It has therefore beep conjectured that the ethnarch of Damascus was merely the governor of the resident Jews, and this conjecture receives some support from the parallel narrative in Act_9:24, where the Jews alone are said to have taken part in the conspiracy against the apostle. But it does not seem probable that an officer of such limited jurisdiction would be styled "the ethnarch of Aretas the king; and as the term is clearly capable of a wide range of ineaning, it was most liketly intended to denote one who held the city and district of Damascus as the king's vassal or representative. SEE ETHNARCH.
12. ῾Çãåìώí , the Procurator of Judaea under the Romans (Mat_27:2, etc.). The verb is employed (Luk_2:2, etc.) to denote the nature of the jurisdiction of Quirinus over the imperial province of Syria (see Gerlach, Die romischen Statthalterin Syrien und Judaea, Berl. 1865). SEE PROCURATOR.
13. Ïἰêïíïìüò (Gal_4:2), a steward, apparently intrusted with the management of a minor's property. SEE STEWARD.
14. Á᾿ñ÷éôñßêëéíïò (Joh_2:9), "the governor of the feast." It has been conjectured, but without much show of probability, that this officer corresponded to the óõìðïóßáñ÷ïò of the Greeks, whose duties are described by Plutarch (Sympos. Quaest. 4), and to the arbiter ibendi of the Romans. Lightfoot supposes him to have been a kind of chaplain, who pronounced the blessings upon the wine that was drunk during the seven days of the marriage feast. Again, some have taken him to be equivalent to the ôñáðåæïðïéüò , who is defined by Pollux (Onom. 6:1) as one who had the charge of all the servants at a feast, the carvers, cup-bearers, cooks, etc. But there is nothing in the narrative of the marriage feast at Cana which would lead to the supposition that the ἀñ÷éôñßêëéíïò held the rank of a servant. He appears rather to have been on intimate terms with the bridegroom, and to have presided at the banquet in his stead. The duties of the master of a feast are given at full length in Sirach 35 (32). SEE ARCHITRICLINUS.
In the apocryphal books, in addition to the common words ἄñ÷ùí , äåóðüôçò , óôñáôçãüò , which are rendered "governor," we find ἐðéóôÜôçò (1Es_1:8; Jdt_2:14), which closely corresponds to ôָּ÷ִéã ; ἔðáñ÷ïò used of Zerubbabel and Tatnai (1Es_6:3; 1Es_6:29; 1Es_7:1), and ðñïóôÜôçò , applied to Sheshbazzar (1Es_2:12), both of which represent ôֶּäָä ; ἱåñïóôÜôçò (1Es_7:2) and ðñïóôÜôçò ôïῦ ἱåñïῦ (2Ma_3:4), "the governor of the temple"= ðָâִéã (comp. 2Ch_35:8); and óáôñÜðçò (1Es_3:2; 1Es_3:21), "a satrap," not always used in its strict sense, but as the equivalent of óôñáôçãüò (Jdt_5:2; Jdt_7:8). — Smith, s.v. SEE PRINCE.
15. In Jam_3:4, the Greek term rendered "governor" is åὐèýíùí , a guide or director, i.e., helmsman (prop. êõâåñíήôçò , whence Lat. gubernator, Eng. governor, the last in a different sense). SEE SHIP.
The following list (modified from the Biblical Repository, 1832, page 381, 382) of the presiding officers of Judaea (q.v.) will be found useful in comparing the history of those times. See each name in its place. For those of Syria, SEE SYRIA.
PROCURATORS OF JUDEA. A.D.
(1.) Coponius — 6- 9
(2.) Marcus Ambivius — 9-12
(3.) Annius Rufus. These three were appointed by Augustus; the two following by Tiberius—12-15
(4.) Valerius Gratus — 15-26
(5.) Pontius Pilatus—26-36
(6.) Marcellus, sent by Vitellius, the governor of Syria, in place of Pilate — 36-37
(7.) Marullus, sent by Cligula — 37-40
(8.) Publius Petronius, who was at the same time governor of Syria, managed the affairs of the Jews himself. Under his successor Marsus also, there seems to have been no distinct procurator of Judaea for two or three years — 40-42
(9.) Cuspius Fadus, sent by Claudius — 45-46
(10.) Tiberius Alexander — 47-49
(11.) Ventidius Cumanus — 49-53
(12.) A. Claudius Felix — 53-55
(13.) Portius Festus, under Nero — 55-62
(14.) Albinus — 62-64
(15.) Gessius Florus, the last procurator of Judaea — 65
(16.) Josephus, however, speaks (War, 6:4, 3) of a Marcus Antonius Julianus as being (or having been) procurator () of Judaea in the last struggle with the Romans, A.D. 70.