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better known in Jewish literature under the name of Rabenu Tam, was born at Remers, France, about 1100, and died in 1171. He was; a grandson of Rashi (q.v.), and youngest brother of Rashbam. (q.v.), and was famous not only as a. Talmudist, grammarian, and commentator, but also for his piety, for which he obtained the appellation Tam ( úָּí ), in allusion to Gen_25:27, where his namesake Jacob is denominated Tam=pious ( àַéùׁ úָּí éòֲ÷ֹá ). Under the title of ñôø äéùø , “the book of the righteous,” he wrote additions on thirty treatises of the Talmud, published at Vienna in 1811. Supplements are given by Luzzatto from an old MS. in the Kerem Chemed (Prague, 1843), 7:19 sq.; òùø ùàìåú åúùåáåú , i.e. ten Talmudic decisions, also given by Luzzatto (loc. cit.); îçáøú òì îùôèé äèòîé , is i.e. a poem on the Hebrew accents, consisting of forty-five stanzas, five of which were first published by Luzzatto (loc. cit.), and the whole forty-five of which appeared in the following work: ñääëøòåú , or grammatical and lexical animadversions, designed to reconcile the differences of Dunash ibn-Labral and Menachen ben-Saruk on points of grammar and exegesis (first published by Filipowski, Lond. 1855); ú÷éï ñôø úåøä , or äìëåú ñ ú , or ú÷åï ñåôøé , a guide for transcribing MSS. of the Bible, in MS. extant; ôøåùé úð , ִ or a grammatical commentary on the Bible, which has not yet come to light, but is quoted by commentators, lexicographers, and grammarians. R. Tam also enriched the Jewish ritual with some pieces, as the éöéá ôúâí (i.e. “these words are true,” etc.), in the Machser Ashkenazimn and sused after the haphtarah for the second day of Pentecost. See Fürst, Bibl. Jud. 3, 406 sq.; De Rossi, Dizionario Storico (Germ. transl.), p. 306; Kitto, Cyclop. s.v.; Gratz, Gesch. d. Juden, 6:196 sq.; Braunschweiger, Gesch. d. Juden in den romanischen Staaten (Würzburg, 1865), p. 85; Geiger, Parshandatha (Leips. 1855), Vp. 24 sq.; Kalish, Hebrew Grammar (Lond. 1863), 2, 27; Zunz, Synagogale Poesie (Berlin, 1855), p. 248; id. Literaturgeschichte zur synagogalen Poesie (ibid. 1865), p. 265-267; id. Zur Literatur und Geschichte, p. 32, 109; Rapaport, in Kerem Chemed (Prague, 1843), 7:1- 3; Luzzatto, ibid. p. 19-34, 35-53; Landshuth [L.], Amude Blaabodah ( òîåãé äòáåãä ) (Berlin, 1857), 1, 106 sq. (B. P.)