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Commentary Index | Return to PrayerRequest.com | DownloadMcClintock Biblical Encyclopedia: Topographical Terms
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We have had continual occasion in this Cyclopaedia to point out the great accuracy with which these are used in the original languages of the Scripture, especially the Hebrew, although often obscured by the want of exactness and uniformity in the A.V. It is our purpose under the present head to present a general view of such terms, referring for details to the respective articles. Much has already been done in this direct ion by Dean Stanley in the appendix to his work on Sinui and Palestine. SEE GEOGRAPHY.
A. LAND.
I. Tracts (including especially depressions, levels, and barrens).
1. Émek ( òֵîֶ÷ֵ ), a valley, used in general (Num_14:25; Jos_8:13; Jos_13:19; Jos_13:27; Jdg_1:19; Jdg_1:34; Jdg_5:15; 1Sa_6:13 [Bethshemesh]; 2Sa_18:18 [“dale”]; 1Ki_20:28; 1Ch_12:15; Jer_21:13; Jer_31:40; Jer_47:5; Jer_48:5; Jer_49:4; Mic_1:4); or specifically “vale of Siddim” (Gen_14:3; Gen_14:8; Gen_14:10), “valley of Shaveh” (Gen_14:17), “vale of Hebron” (Gen_38:14), “valley of Achor” (Jos_7:24; Jos_7:26; Jos_15:7; Isa_65:10; Hos_2:15), “valley of Ajalon” (Jos_10:12), “valley of Rephaim” (Jos_15:8; Jos_18:16; 2Sa_5:18; 2Sa_5:22; 2Sa_23:13; 1Ch_11:15; 1Ch_14:9; 1Ch_14:13; Isa_17:5), “valley; of Jezreel” (Jos_17:16; Jdg_6:33; Jdg_7:1; Jdg_7:8; Jdg_7:12; Hos_1:5; probably also 1Sa_31:7; 1Ch_10:7), “valley of Keziz” (Jos_18:21), “valley of Beth-rehob” (Jos_18:28), “valley of Elah” (1Sa_17:2; 1Sa_17:19; 1Sa_21:9), “valley of Berachah” (2Ch_20:26), “valley of Baca” (Psa_84:6), “valley of Succoth” (Psa_60:6; Psa_108:7), “valley of Gibeon” (Isa_28:21), “valley of Jehoshaphat” (Joe_3:2), “valley of Decision” (Joe_3:14), “Beth-emek” (Jos_19:27).
2. Gey ( âֵּéà or âֵּé ), a ravine (A. V. invariably “valley”), used generally (Psa_23:4; Isa_28:1; Isa_28:4; Isa_40:4; Jer_2:23; Eze_6:3; Eze_7:16; Eze_31:12; Eze_32:5; Eze_35:8; Eze_36:4; Eze_36:6; Mic_1:6; Zec_14:4-5), and specifically of Moab (Num_21:20 : Deu_3:29; Deu_4:46; Deu_34:6), Hinnon (Jos_15:8; Jos_18:16; 2Ki_23:10; 2Ch_28:3; 2Ch_33:6; Neh_11:30; Jer_7:31-32; Jer_19:2; Jer_19:6; Jer_32:35; prob. 1Sa_22:1; 1Sa_22:5; also “valley ate,” 2Ch_26:9; Neh_2:13; Neh_2:15; Neh_3:13), Jiphthahl el (Jos_19:14; Jos_19:27), Zeboim (1Sa_13:18; comp. Neh_11:34), Salt (2Sa_8:13; 2Ki_14:7; 1Ch_18:12; 2Ch_25:11; Psalm Ix, title), Zephathah (2Ch_14:10), Charashimim (1Ch_4:14 : “craftsmen,” Neh_11:35), “passengers” (Eze_39:11), Hamon gag (Eze_39:11; Eze_39:15), Ai (Jos_8:2), near the Jordan (2Ki_2:16), Gedor (1Ch_4:39).
3. Shaveh ( ùָׁåֵä ), a dale, namely, of Kirjathhaim (Num_32:37), and the kings (Gen_14:17; in 1Sa_18:18 this word is not used).
4. Metsullch ( îְöֻìָּä ) a dell (Zec_1:8).
5. Bikah ( áַּ÷ְòָä ), a broad plain between mountains, used generally (Deu_8:7; Deu_11:11, Psa_104:8; Isa_41:18; Isa_63:14; Isa_40:4, “plain”): specifically “valley of Jericho” (Deu_34:3), “valley of Mizpeh” (Jos_11:8), “valley of Lebanon” (Jos_11:17; Jos_12:7), “valley of Meniddo” (Zec_12:11), “plain of Oinoi”, (Neh_6:2), “plain of Aven” (Amo_1:5), “plain of Dura” (Dan_3:1), “plain of Mesopotamia” (Eze_3:23-24; Eze_8:4; Eze_37:1-2; probably the same as “plain of Shinar,” Gen_11:2).
6. Mishor ( îַéùׁåֹø ), downs or table-land, specifically of the plateau of Moab (Deu_3:10; Deu_4:43; Jos_13:9; Jos_13:16-17; Jos_13:21; Jos_20:8; 1Ki_20:23; 1Ki_20:25; 2Ch_26:10; Jer_21:13; Jer_48:8; Jer_48:21).
7. Sharan ( ùָׁøåֹï ), a flat, specifically the pasture land along the Mediterranean (Jos_12:19; Son_2:2; Isa_33:9; Isa_35:2; Isa_65:1), perhaps that of Gilead (1Ch_5:16).
8. Shephelah ( ùְׁôֵìָä ), a low country, specifically the maritime plain (“vale,” Deu_1:7; Jos_10:40; 1Ki_10:27; 2Ch_1:15; “valley,” Jos_9:1; Jos_11:2; Jos_11:16; Jos_12:8; Jos_15:33; Judges 1, 9; Jer_32:44; “plain,” Jer_17:26; Oba_1:19; Zec_7:7'; “low plains,” 1Ch_27:28; 2Ch_9:27; “low country,” 2Ch_28:18; “Sephela,” 1Ma_12:38).
9. Midbar ( îַãַáָּø ), a wilderness in the sense of an open tract of unoccupied common, in general a “desert” or “wilderness” (Exo_3:1; Exo_5:3; Exo_23:31; Num_20:1 : Deu_33:10; 2Ch_26:10; Job_24:5; Isa_21:1; Jer_25:24, etc.); specifically that of Sinai (Num_33:15-16, etc.; “south,” Psa_75:6); sometimes (with the art.) fir Arabia in general, or for those parts of it which extend into Palestine (Gen_21:14; Jos_8:15; Jdg_1:16).
10. Arabah ( òֲøָáָä ), a desert as such, either generally (“wilderness,” “desert,” or “plain,” Job_24:5; Job_39:6; Isa_33:9; Isa_35:1; Isa_35:6; Isa_40:3; Jer_2:6; Jer_5:6; Jer_17:6; Jer_51:43; Amo_6:14; Zec_14:10), or specifically (technically, with the art.) the Arabah (“desert,” Eze_47:8; “plain,” Deu_1:1; Deu_1:7; Deu_2:5; Deu_3:17; Deu_4:49; Jos_3:16; Jos_8:14; Jos_11:16; Jos_12:1; Jos_12:3; 1Sa_23:24; 2Sa_2:29; 2Sa_4:7; 2Ki_14:25; 2Ki_25:4; Jer_39:4; Jer_2:7; “plains,” Jos_11:2; Jos_12:5; “champaign,” Deu_11:30; “Arabah,” Jos_18:18; “Beth-arabah,” Jos_15:6), or (in the plur. without the art.) the Ghor or “the plains” (2Sa_15:28; 2Sa_17:16) of Moab (Num_22:1; Num_26:3; Num_26:63; Num_31:12; Num_33:48-50; Num_35:1; Num_36:13; Deu_34:1; Deu_34:8) or Jericho (Jos_4:13; Jos_5:10; 2Ki_25:5; Jer_39:5; Jer_52:8).
11. Jeshimon ( éְùְׁéîåֹï ), a waste, either generally (especially of the “wilderness” of the wandering, Deu_32:10; Psa_68:7; “desert,” Psa_78:40; Psa_106:14; Isa_43:19-20; “solitary,” Psa_107:4), For specifically the barren tract on both sides of the Dead Sea (“Jeshimon,” Num_21:20; Num_23:25; Num_33:49; 1Sa_23:19; 1Sa_23:24; 1Sa_26:1; 1Sa_26:3).
12. Kikkar ( ëַּëָּø ), a circle (primarily and often, a coin or loaf), specifically (A. V. always “plain”) the floor of the valley through which the Jordan runs (2Sa_18:23; 1Ki_7:46; 2Ch_4:17; Neh_12:28), or the oasis that formerly existed in (the southern part of) it (Gen_13:10-12; Gen_19:17; Gen_19:25; Gen_19:28-29; Deu_31:3). Less distinctive than the above are the terms Geliloth ( âְּìַéìåֹú ), circles, used in the general sense of frontiers (“borders,” Jos_13:2; “coasts,” Joe_3:4), or the windings of the Jordan (“borders,” Jos_22:10-11; “country,” Eze_47:8); Carmel ( áִּøְîֶì ), a park, employed (besides. its use as a proper name) in the general signification of a well- cultivated region (“fruitful field;” Isa_10:8; “fruitful place,” Jer_4:26; “plentiful field,” Isa_16:10; Jer_48:33; “Carmel,” 2Ki_19:23; Isa_37:24); Sadeh ( ùָׂãֶä ‘), arable land (“field,” country “land”); Shedemoth ( ùְׁãֵîåú ), highly cultivated: soil (“fields” of Gomorrah, Deu_32:32; Kidron, 2Ki_23:4; Jer_31:40; Heshbon, Isa_16:8; comp. Hab_3:17); Abel ( àָáֵì ), a meadow, employed as the name of a place, and usually in composition;. Maargh ( îִòֲøֶä ), an open tract (“meadows” of Gibeah, Jdg_20:33; perhaps for îְòָøָä , a cave; by others read ) îֵòָøִá from the west); Chelkch' ( çֶìְ÷ָä ), a (smooth) plot of ground (often in general as a “portion”), in connection with Saddah (“piece,” “parcel,” etc.) or without it (“field,” “piece,” “plot,” etc.); Naphdh ðָôָä ), a height, only of Dor (“borders,” Jos_11:2; “coast,” Jos_12:23; “region,” 1Ki_4:11), or Napheth ( ðֶôֶú ), in the same connection (“countries,” Jos_17:11); Chibel ( çֶáֶì ), a district (lit. as measured by Ai rope); applied as a general topographical division (“portion,” or “coast,” Jos_17:5; Jos_17:14; Jos_19:9; Jos_19:29; Zep_2:5-7), especially to Argob (“region” or “country,” Deu_3:4; Deu_3:13-14; 1Ki_4:13).
II. Elevations (considered as such, without reference to their extent of area).
1. Har ( äִø ), a mountain, employed for single summits (as Sinai, Gerizim, Zion, Olivet) or for ranges (as is Lebanon); also to the general backbone or highland of Palestine, or of Judah, Ephraim, etc., in particular (A.V. “mountain,” “mount,” “hill''). Occasionally the cognate form har ( äֹø or äåֹø ) is employed (usually with the art.), especially with reference to the well-known eminence of that name. The following are the various elevations to which hor is applied: Abarim, Amana (Son_4:8,), Ararat, Baalah, Baal-Hermon (Jdg_3:3; comp. Jos_13:5), Bethel, Bether (Son_2:7), Carmel, Ebanl, Emek (Jos_13:19), Ephron (Jos_15:9), Gesh, Gerizim, Gilboa, Gilead, Halak (Jos_11:17), Heres (Jdg_1:35), Hermon, Hor, Horeb, Jearim (Jos_15:10), Olivet (Zec_14:4; the word is not used in 2Sa_15:30), Mizar (Psalms 42, 6), Moriah, Nebo, Paran (Deu_33:2), Perazim (Isa_28:21), Samaria (1Ki_16:24), Seir, Sephar (Gen_10:30), Sinai, Sion (Sirion or Shenir, all names for Hermon, Deu_3:9; Deu_4:48), Shapher (Num_33:23), Tabor, Zai mon (Jdg_9:48), Zemaraim (2Ch_13:4), Zion. There re also the mountains of the Amorites, of the Amalekites (Jdg_12:15), of Ephraim, of Esau, of Israel, of Judah, of Naiphtali, and of Bashan (Psa_68:15).
The following subordinate terms are applied to parts or features of mountains in personification of the human frame: Irash ( øàֹùׁ ), head, the top (Gen_8:5; Exo_19:20; Deu_34:1; 1Ki_18:42); Aznoth ( àִæְðåֹú ), ears, perh. some projection on the summit (Jos_19:34); Kathliph ( áָּúֵ , the shouolder, the brow (Deu_33:12; Jos_15:8; Jos_15:10; Jos_18:16); Tsad ( öִã ), the side or hill-slope (1Sa_23:26; 2Sa_13:34); Kisldth ( ëַּñְìֹú ), loins or flanks, i.e. base (Jos_19:12; Jos_19:18); Tsla ( öֵìִò ), a rib, i.e. spur (2Sa_16:13); Shekm. ( ùְׁëֶí ), back, i.e. rear (Shechein); Ammah ( àִîָּä ), elbow; bend (2Sa_16:2); Yerekah ( éְøֵëָä ), thigh, i.e. recesses (of Mount Ephraim, Jdg_19:1; Jdg_19:18; of Lebanon, 2Ki_19:23; Isa_33:24).
2. Gibah ( âַּáְòָä ), a hill (as in the A.V. invariably), the Arabic Jebel, the common designation of less important or individual eminences; applied (besides its general use) to Zion (Isa_31:4; Eze_34:26), and to the following: the hill of the foreskins. (Jos_5:3), of Phinehas (24, 33), of Moreh (Jdg_7:1), of Hachilhh (1Sa_23:19; 1Sa_26:1), of Ammah (2Sa_2:24), of Gareb (Jer_31:39); also an element of the proper names Gibeah, Geba or Gaba, and Gibeon.
3. Tel ( úֵּì ), a hillock (the Arabic Tell), is a diminutive mound or knoll,usually an artificial heap of rubbish (Deu_13:17; Jos_8:28; Jer_30:18; Jer_49:2); often an element of proper names, as Tel-Abib, Tel-llarsha, Tel-Melah.
The two following are other appropriations of appellatives as proper names than general designations of an elevated ground:
4. Pisgah, or rather hap-Pisgth (for it has the art. äִôַּñְâָּä ), the height (comp. Eugl. “the summit”), vas probably the ragged edge of the table-land of Moab where it suddenly broke down into the declivity towards the Dead Sea (Num_21:20; Num_23:14; Deu_3:17; Deu_34:1).
5. Ophel ( òֹôֶì ), a swelling mound (so of tumors, Deu_28:27; 1Sa_5:6, etc.), is applied to Elisha's residence near Jericho (2Ki_5:24), elsewhere (with the doubtful exception of Isa_32:14; Mic_4:8) and everywhere with the art., to the sloping tongue of Mount Moriah on the south (2Ch_27:3; 2Ch_33:14; Neh_3:26-27; Neh_11:21).
The following, likewise, are rather designations of portions or elements of hills than the elevations themselves:
6. Maaleh ( îִòֲìֶä ), an ascent or rise, used (besides its common meaning, Jdg_8:13) of several localities that of the Scorpions (Num_34:4; Jos_15:3), of Adummim (Jos_15:7; Jos_18:17), of Gur (2Ki_9:27), of Ziz (2Ch_20:16), of Luhith (Isa_15:5; Jer_48:5), of Bethhoron (Jos_10:10), of Olivet (1Ma_3:16; comp. 2Sa_15:13) and Saul's city [probably Bethlehem] (1Sa_9:11)
7. Morád ( îåֹøָã ), a descent or fall, applied (besides its general use, Mic_1:4) to the declivity of the Jordan valley (Jos_7:5), of Bethhoron (Jos_10:10; 1Ma_3:24), of Horouaim (Jer_48:5), and Olivet ( êáôÜâáóéò , Luk_19:37).
8. Shephi ( ùְׁôַé ), a bare spot on a hill (“high place,” Num_23:3; Isa_41:18; Isa_49:9; Jer_3:2; Jer_3:21; Jer_4:11; Jer_2:29; Jer_12:11; Jer_14:6).
9. Aruts ( òֲøåּåֹ ), a precipice (“cliff,” Job_30:6).
10. Misgab ( îַùְׂâָּá ), a bluff or inaccessible steep, as a “refuge” (2Sa_22:3; Psa_18:2; Isa_25:12, etc.); with the art, a particular fortress of Moab (Jer_48:1).
11. Kephim ( ëַּôַéí ), crags or rough isolated “rocks” (Job_30:6; Jer_4:29), hence the Syriac name Ceihas. There remain the two distinctive terms for a stony prominence, with their concomitants.
12. Tsur ( öåּø ), Chald. and Arab. Tur, a rock or outstanding block of stone whether fixed or builder, of frequent occurrence (A.V. “rock”), both literally (2Ki_5:23, etc.) and figuratively (Psa_31:2; Psa_62:6, etc.), and in only a few cases referring to the height of the rock (Num_23:1; Psa_61:2, etc.); in one case assuming the dignity of a proper name, Tyre. It is specifically applied to Horeb (Exo_17:6), the rock of Obel (Jdg_7:25; Isa_10:26), and is an element of the names Helkath-hazzurim (2Sa_2:16), and Beth-sur (Jos_15:58).
In connection with Sela twice occurs the peculiar term Nekrah ( ðַ÷ְøָä ), a hole or “cleft” (Exo_33:22; Isa_2:21).
13. Sela ( ñֶìִò ), a cliff or abrupt and elevated rock, especially in personification (Psa_18:2; Psa_42:9, etc,), and as a parallel with Tur (Psa_31:2-3; Psa_31:7-8; Psa_31:15-16; Isa_2:21 etc.). In the A.V. it is loosely rendered “rock,” “stone,” etc. It is applied generally to the spot in Ka'desh whence Moses brought forth water (Num_20:8; Num_20:10-11; Neh_9:15; Psa_78:16; comp. Tsur, in Ezekiel 17), to the rocks of Edam, (Jdg_15:8; Jdg_8:11) Rimmol (Jdg_20:45), and Sela-hlam- mahlekoth (1Sa_23:28); also as a proper name to Peta (with the art., 2Ki_14:7; 2Ch_25:12; and prob. Jdg_1:36; without the art., Isa_16:1; Oba_1:3).
In exclusive connection with Sela are found the following descriptive terms: Chagavim ( çֲâָåַéí ), chasms (Son_2:14; Jer_49:16; Oba_1:3): Seph ( ñְòַé ), a cleft (Jdg_15:8; Jdg_15:11; Isa_2:21; Isa_57:5); Tsechiach ( öְçַéçִ ), a bald spot, as the summit (f a rock exposed to the drying sun (Neh_4:13; Eze_24:7-8; Eze_26:14);. Nekik ( ðְ÷ַé÷ ), a cranny or fissure (Isa_7:19 Jer_13:4; Jer_16:16); and Shen ( ùֵׁï ), a tooth or sharp edge or end of a crag (Job_39:28; 1Sa_14:4-5); also as a proper name (1Sa_7:12).
B. WATER.
I. Flowing (including the valley or bed though which it courses); of these the first two are the most general and distinctively descriptive.
1. Nahar, ( ðָäָø ), a perennial river (as almost always rendered in the A.V.), the Arab. nahr ; used generally in the poetical books of watercourses and of the sea (Job_14:11; Job_20:17; Job_22:16; Job_28:1; Job_40:23; Psa_24:2; Psa_46:4; Psa_78:16; Psa_93:3; Psa_98:8; Psa_105:41; Psa_107:33; Son_8:7; Isa_18:2; Isa_18:7; Isa_33:21; Isa_41:18; Isa_42:15; Isa_43:2; Isa_43:19-20; Isa_1:2; Isa_56:12); also a stream of fire (Dan_7:10); and specifically to some of the great rivers of Mesopotamia and Egypt (Gen_2:10; Gen_2:13-14; Gen_15:18; Exo_7:9; Exo_8:5; 2Ki_5:12; 2Ki_17:6; 2Ki_18:11.; 1Ch_5:26; Ezr_8:15; Ezr_8:21; Ezr_8:31; Ezr_8:36; Isa_18:1; Isa_19:5-6; Jer_46:7-8; Eze_1:1; Eze_1:3; Eze_3:15; Eze_3:23; Eze_10:15; Eze_10:20; Eze_10:22; Eze_32:2; Eze_32:14; Eze_43:3; Dan_10:4; Zep_3:10), especially the Euphrates (Isa_7:20; Jer_2:18; Mic_6:1; Mic_6:12; Zec_9:10), or that in connection with the Tigris (Aram-Niharaim, Gen_24:10; Deu_23:4; Jdg_1:2; Jdg_1:8; Psalms 60 title; 1Ch_19:6), but never the Jordan (unless, perhaps, that or the Dead Sea be intended in Psa_61:6; Psa_74:15; Hab_3:8-9) and with the art. it specifically decimates the Euphrates, either alone (Gen_31:21; Gen_36:37; Exo_23:31; Num_22:5; Num_24:6; Jos_24:2-3; Jos_24:14-15; 2Sa_10:16; 1Ki_4:21; 1Ki_4:24; 1Ki_14:5; 1 Kings 15; 1Ch_1:48; 1Ch_19:16; 2Ch_9:26; Neh_2:9; Neh_3:7; Psa_72:8; Psa_30:11; Isa_8:7; Isa_11:15; Isa_27:12; Isa_48:18; Isa_59:19; and so is the phrase in Ezra, “beyond the river”) or with the name added (Gen_2:14; Gen_15:18; Deu_1:7; Deu_11:24; Jos_1:4; 2Sa_8:3; 2Ki_24:7; 1Ch_5:9; 1Ch_18:3; Jer_46:2; Jer_46:6; Jer_46:10); while in the plural it apparently denotes the canals or branches of the same river (Psa_89:25; Psa_137:1; Isa_44:27; Isa_47:2; Eze_31:4; Eze_31:15 : Nah_1:4; Nah_2:6).
The following are the terms which, in the imagery of the East, are applied to the various parts of a river: Yad ( éָã ), at “hand” or side, either right or left (Num_13:29; Deu_2:37; Jdg_11:26); Saphcah ( ùָׂôָä ), a “lip” or brink of a river or of the sea (Gen_22:17; Gen_41:3; Gen_41:17; Exo_2:3; Exo_7:15; Exo_14:30; Deu_2:36; Deu_4:48; Jos_11:4; Jos_12:2; Jos_13:9; Jos_13:16; Jdg_7:12; Jdg_7:22; 1Sa_13:5; 1Ki_4:29; 1Ki_9:26 : 2Ki_2:13; 2Ch_8:17; Eze_47:6-7; Eze_47:12; Dan_12:5; and so of the molten sea, of Solomon's Temple, 1Ki_7:23; 1Ki_7:26; 2Ch_4:2); Lashon ( ìָùׁåֹï ), a “tongue” or bay (Jos_15:2; Jos_15:5; Jos_18:19; Isa_11:15);Gedoth ( âְּãåֹú ), banks (of the Jordan, Jos_3:15; Jos_4:18; 1Ch_12:15; or of the Euphrates, Psa_8:7); Katseh ( ÷ָöֵä ), the extreme limit or end (1Sa_14:27), whether of a river (Jos_15:5; Jos_18:19), of the water (Jos_3:8; Jos_3:15), or of: a lake (Num_34:3; Jos_15:2), and so of a country (Gen_47:21; Exo_13:20; Num_33:3 a mountain (Exo_19:12; Jos_18:16), and a town (Jos_18:15; 1Sa_14:2); Maabirs ( îִòֲáָø ), Mabarah ( îִòְáָּøָä ), a ford (as of the Jordan, Jos_2:7; Jdg_3:18; Jdg_12:6; the Jabbok, Gen_32:22; or the Arunon, Isa_16:2), and so a pass between hills (at Michmash, 1Sa_13:23; 1Sa_14:4; Isa_10:29; Jer_2:32).
2. Nachal ( ðִçִì ), a brook or summer watercourse, the Arabic wady, signifying both the stream and the torrent-bed or valley (translated very. variously in tie A.V., “brook,” “valley,” “‘river,” “stream,” etc.); it is applied to the following places: the torrent of Gerar (Gen_26:17; 1Sa_15:5), of Eshcol (Num_13:23-24; Num_32:9), of Zered (Num_21:12; Deu_2:13; perhaps Isa_15:7; Amo_6:14), the Arnon (Num_21:14; Deu_2:24; Deu_3:8), of Jabbok (Deu_2:37), of Kaulah (Jos_16:8), of Kishon: (Jdg_4:7; 1Ki_18:40; Psa_83:9; probably Jos_19:11), of Besor (1Sa_30:9), of Sorek (Jdg_16:4), of Kedron (2Sa_15:23; 1Ki_2:3; Jer_31:40) of Gaash (2Sa_23:30; 1Ch_11:32); of Cherith (1Ki_17:3; perhaps 2Sa_24:5), of Egypt (the Wady el Arish, Num_34:5; Jos_15:4; Isa_37:12), of Shittim (Joe_3:18).
The following terms designate artificial or temporary flowings of water of greater or less extent, some of them of local use.
3. Yior ( éַàåֹø or éַàֹø ), once (Ecclesiastes 24:27) Or ( àֹø , by abbreviation), is properly a canal (perhaps an Egyptian word), specifically a branch of the Nile (so in the plur., Exo_7:19; Exo_8:5; 2Ki_19:24; Job_28:10; Psa_78:44; Isa_7:18; Isa_19:6-7; Isa_33:21; Isa_37:25; Eze_29:3; Eze_4:5; Eze_4:10; Eze_30:12; Nah_3:8), and so the Nile itself (in the sing. Gen_41:1-3; Gen_41:17 : Exo_1:22; Exo_2:3; Exo_2:5; Exo_4:9; Exo_7:15; Exo_7:17-18; Exo_7:20-21; Exo_7:24-25; Exo_8:3; Exo_8:9; Exo_8:11; Exo_17:5; Isa_23:3; Isa_23:10; Jer_46:7; Eze_29:3; Eze_29:9; Amo_8:8; Amo_9:5; Zec_10:11), and in Daniel (Dan_12:5-7) the river Ulai, a similar alluvial stream.
4. Shichor ( ùׁçåֹø ), a “black” or turbid stream, as swollen or discolored by showers, either generally (Isa_23:3; Jer_2:18) or specifically (the Belus, Jos_19:26; and perhaps the Arish, 13:3; 1Ch_13:5).
5. Peleg ( ôֶּìֶâ ), a channel, a poetical term for the divisions of a stream (Psa_46:4), such as the gullies of Reatbeli (Jdg_5:15-16), the subdivisions of an irrigating stream (Psa_1:3), contrasted with Jubol (Isa_30:25), or with Nahal (Job_20:17), or even the dew (Psa_65:9).
6. Mikal îַéëָì ), a rivulet (2Sa_17:20).
7. Tealah ( úְּòָìָä ), a conduit or trench for water raised or poured out for irrigation, such as a ditch (1Ki_18:32; 1Ki_18:35; 1Ki_18:38), an aqueduct (2Ki_18:17; 2Ki_20:20; Isa_7:3; Isa_36:2; see also Job_38:25), or for a garden (Eze_31:4).
The following denote rainfall or its effects more or less direct.
8. Geshem ( âֶּùֶׁí ), a shower, i.e. sudden and heavy rain as it ordinarily falls in the East.
9. Zerem ( æֶøֶí ), a storm or violent and overwhelming rain (e.g. Job_24:8; Isa_25:4; Isa_28:2; Hab_3:10; comp. Mat_7:27).
10. Yubal ( éåּáָì ), Yabul ( éָáָì ), or Ubal ( àåּáָì or àֻáָì ), a freshet or overflow of streams from rain (Isa_30:25; Isa_44:4; Jer_17:8); hence the Ulai itself, as liable to such inundations (Dan_8:2-3; Dan_8:6).
11. Aphik ( àָôַé÷ ), an outburst or crevasse in the bank of an alluvial stream or mountain torrent, throwing the water into new and destructive channels; a poetical term for any unusual rush (Job_6:15; Psalms 42, 1; Son_5:12; Isa_8:7; Eze_6:2; Eze_31:12; Joe_1:20, etc.).
12. Aphik ( ðæֵì ), a gushing, as tears (Job_36:28; Isa_45:8), brooklets (Psa_78:16; Pro_5:18, etc.), or the sea (Exo_15:8).
13. Shibblleth ( ùַׁáֹּìֵú ), a full stream (Psa_69:12; Psa_69:15; Isa_27:12).
14. Eshed ( àֶùֶׁã ), a rapid (Num_21:15; Jos_10:5; Jos_12:8); in the plur. especially the tumbling stream bursting forth from the roots of Pisgah (Deu_3:17; Deu_4:49; Jos_12:3; Jos_13:20).
15. Sheteph ( ùֵׁèֶ ), a poetical word apparently for a local inundation (Job_38:25; Psa_32:6; Pro_27:4; Dan_9:26; Dan_11:22; Nah_1:8).
16. Mabbul ( îִáּåּì ), a deluge, as of the accumulation of waters in the sky (Psa_29:10), and especially Noah's flood.
II. Sources of supply, whether living or otherwise.
1. Ayun ( òֲéַï ), lit. “an eye,” hence a spring of natural Water open and running (A. V. usually fountain,” but unfortunately “well” in Gen_16:7; Num_33:9 [comp. Exo_15:27]; Deu_7:7; Deu_33:28; 1Sa_29:1; 2Ch_32:3; Neh_2:14; Neh_4:15; Neh_12:37; Pro_8:28). It is applied, in the nature of a proper name (being a marked feature of any locality) to the following places: simply Ain, a city of Simeon (Jos_15:32; Jos_19:7; Jos_21:16; 1Ch_4:32); the Ain, a landmark of Palestine (Num_34:11); the two Ains, i.e. Enam (Jos_15:34; comp. Gen_38:14; Gen_38:21); the spring of Jezreel (1Sa_29:1), of Harod (Jdg_7:1), the dragon spring (Neh_2:13), of Shur (Gen_16:7); also En dor, El eglaimn, En gannlim, En-gedi, Eim-haddah, Enih'ak-kore, En-hazr, En- mishuah,'En-iuimmon, En-rgel, En-shemesh, En-tappuah, and Enon.
2. Mayan ( îִòְéָï ), a fountain consisting of a collection of springs (“fountain,” Gen_7:10; Gen_8:2; Lev_11:36; Psa_74:15; Psa_114:8; Pro_5:16; Pro_8:24; Proverbs 25; Proverbs 26; Son_4:12; Son_4:15; Isaiah 61:18; Hos_13:15; Joe_3:18; “well,” Psa_84:6; Isa_12:3; “springs,” Psa_87:7; Psa_104:10); hence (topographically) a place watered by springs (“fountain,” Jos_15:9; 1Ki_18:5; 2Ch_32:4;: “well,” Jos_18:15; 2Ki_3:19; 2Ki_3:25).
3. Motsa ( îåֹöָà ), a source or spring-head (“spring,” 2Ki_2:21; Isa_41:18; Isa_58:11; “watercourse,” 2Ch_32:30; “water- springs,” Psa_107:33; Psa_107:35).
4. Makor ( îָ÷åֹø ), a well-spring or vein of water (Lev_12:7; Jer_51:36; Psa_36:9; Pro_10:11; Pro_16:22, etc.).
5. Guillth ( âֻּìּåֹú ), boiling or bubbling springs, used only of those given by Caleb to Achsah, (Jos_15:19; Jdg_1:15); and in the shorter form Gal ( âִּì ), a heap or spring. (Son_4:12); hence billow of the sea (Psa_106:25; Isa_48:18; Jon_2:3, etc.).
6. Mabbua, îִáּåּòִ ), a gushing spring (“spring,” Isa_35:7; Isa_49:10; “fountain,” Ecc_12:6).
The following represent (mostly artificial) collections or receptacles of water:
7. Beer ( áְּàֵø ), a well (as everywhere in the A.V., except “pit” in Gen_14:10; Psa_55:23; Psa_69:15; Pro_23:27) dug in the earth or rock and yielding a perpetual supply, three such are specially named (Gen_26:20-22), besides Jacob's (Joh_4:6), and one at Bahurim (2Sa_17:18). The word stands alone as a proper name (Num_21:16; Jdg_9:21), and enters as an element into the names Beer-Tahai-roi, Beer-sheba, Beeroth-benejankasm, Beeroth, Beer- elim, Baaluth-beer, Berothah, and Berothai. Cognate with this is
8. Bor ( áּàֹø or áּåֹø ), a cistern (A.V. usually “pit” or “well”), whether dug (Deu_6:11; Exo_21:33; 2Ch_26:10) or built (Isa_14:19; Jer_2:13), and whether empty (and so often used for “dungeon,” Gen_37:20; Gen_41:14; Exo_12:29; 1Sa_13:16; 2Sa_23:20 : 1Ch_11:22; Jer_36:16; Jer_28:6; Zec_9:1) or as a receptacle of spring or rain water (Psa_7:15; Isa_11:15; Jer_6:7 [Kethib]; Eze_26:20, etc.). Special cisterns of this kind are sometimes mentioned, as they are next in importance to springs in the East; thus in Sechu (1Sa_19:22), of Sirah (2Sa_3:26), of Bethlehem (2Sa_23:15; 1Ch_9:17), at Mizpah (Jer_41:7; Jer_41:9; comp, 2Ki_25:25).
9. Berekah ( áְּøֵëָä ); a pool (as uniformly rendered in the A.V.), the Arab. Birkah, an artificial tank for surface water. Special pools of this kind are mentioned at Gibeon (2Sa_2:13), Hebron (2Sa_4:12), Samaria (1Ki_22:35), Heshbon (Son_7:4), and several at Jerusalem, e.g. the upper (2Ki_18:17; Isa_7:3; Isa_36:3), the lower (Isa_22:9), or old (Isa_22:11), the king's (Neh_2:14; Ecc_2:6), another (Neh_3:16), Siloam (Neh_3:15; Jos_9:7), Bethesda (Jos_5:2).
10. Mikveh ( îַ÷ַåֶä ), a reservoir or large receptacle for water for irrigation, etc. (“gathering together,” Genesis 1; “pools,” Exo_7:19; “plenty [of water],” Lev_11:36; “ditch,” Isa_21:11).
11. Agam ( àֲâָí ), a pond of stagnant water (Exo_7:19; Exo_8:5; “standing water,” Psa_107:35; Psa_114:8; hence “reeds,” which abounded in such receptacles, Jer_51:32).
12. Keroth ( ëְּøֹú ), pits or wells in holes dug to water sheep (“cottages,” Zep_2:6); and so likewise Mikreh ( îַëְøֶä ), a pit for the same purpose (“salt,” Zep_2:9).
13. Mashabim ( îִùְׁàֲáַéí ), troughs for watering animals (Jdg_5:11; comp. Gen_24:19-20; Gen_24:44-45, etc.).
The following are not employed with topographical exactness:
14. Geb ( âֵּá ) or Geb ( âֶּáֶà ), a ditch (2Ki_3:16; Isa_30:14; Eze_47:11); hence Gebim, a place near Jerusalem (Isa_10:31).
15. Pachath ( ôִּçִú ), a hollow, used as a trap (“pit,” 2Sa_17:9; 2Sa_18:17; Isa_24:17-18;. Jer_48:43; Jeremiah 44; “hole,” Jer_44:27; “snare,” Lam_3:47). Akin to this is:
16. Shachath ( ùִׁçִú ) or Sihtehah ( ùׁåּçָä ), a pitfall, poetically used (variously rendered in the A.V., Psa_9:15; Pro_26:27; Jer_2:6; Jer_18:20, etc.).
17. Gumats ( âּåּîָåֹ .), a deep hole or sunken shaft (Ecc_10:8).
18. Mahamarcah ( îִäֲîָøָä ), a gulf or whirlpool (“deep pit,” Psa_140:10).
III. Bodies of water and their connections. For these there really is but one Heb. term.
1. Yam ( éָí ), sea (as always rendered in the A.V. except when used for “west”), including lakes and expanses of rivers; applied specially to the Mediterranean (with the art., Jos_15:47; sometimes with other adjuncts, as “reat,” Num_34:6-7 :' “hinder” or “western,” Deu_11:24; and' so' sometimes when the situation is not west, as in. Egypt [Exo_10:19], Arabia, [27, 13; 38:12]), the Red Sea, that of Chinnereth, the Dead Sea (“salt sea” “sea of the desert” “eastern sea”); also (like the Arab. Bahr) of great rivers, as the Nile (Jer_19:5; Nah_3:8 : Eze_32:2), the Euphrates (Isa_27:1; Jer_51:26, finally of the laver in the Temple (1 Kings 25:18 1Ch_18:8). Connected with Yam are the following:
Miphrâts ( îַôְøָåֹ ), a bay (“breaches,” Jdg_5:17). Choph ( çå ), a shore, or rather perhaps cove (comp. “Haifa”), as a lesser form of the preceding: (“haven,” Gen_49:13; “side,” Deu_1:7; “Coasts,” Jos_9:1; “shore,” Jdg_5:1).
Machoz ( îָçåֹæ ), a pot or “haven” (Psa_107:30).
Iyim ( àַéַּí ), islands, or the distant shores of the Mediterranean, which seemed such to the Hebrews (Eze_27:6; Jer_2:10, etc.).
Waves of the sea are represented (besides Gal, above) by Dakat ( ãָּëַé ), literally (Psa_93:3); Mishbar ( îַùְׁáָּø ), an overwhelming, (metaphor “wave,” 2Sa_22:5; Psa_10:3; Psa_10:7; “billow” Jon_2:3); Bamah ( áָּîָä ), a light place, usually on land, but put (Job_9:8) for a ridge of the sea.
2. Tehom ( úְּäåֹí ), the deep, a poetical word for ocean, corresponding to our main (Gen_7:2; Job_28:14; Job_33:6; Job_33:30; Pro_8:27-28; Eze_26:19; Eze_31:15; Jon_2:6; Hab_3:10; fully “the great deep,” Gen_5:2; Gen_5:11; Psa_36:7; Isa_51:10; Amo_1:4); more rarely any other great mass of waters (as those covering the earth at Cioetiton, Gen_1:2; Psa_104:6 or the subterranean waters, Gen_49:25; Deu_33:13; also floods, Job_41:32; Psa_42:7; Eze_31:4). In the plural ( úְּäֹîåֹú ) it designates either the surges of the sea (Exo_14:5; Exo_14:8; Psa_33:7; Psa_77:16;Psa_106:9; Pro_3:20; Pro_8:24; Isa_13:13), or its alysses (Psa_107:26; Psa_135:6; Psa_148:7); occasionally the [depths of the earth (Psa_71:20), as supply of streams (Deu_8:7).
C. Accessories.
These are such features as to obviously affect the character of the country for purposes of occupation, but not, like the foregoing, of a permanently essential nature.
I. Internal (including natural cavities and grottos)
1. Mearah ( îְòָøָä ), a cave (“hole,” Isa_2:19; “den,” Isa_32:14; Jer_7:11), Alrab. Megharah, used as a proper name alone (Jos_13:4), but generally with the adjunct of locality of Adnullima (1Sa_22:1; 2Sa_23:13), Makkedah (Jos_10:16. etc.), Elngedi (1Sa_24:3), Obadiah (1Ki_18:4), Zoar (Gen_19:30), Machpelali, Horeb (1Ki_19:9).
2. Chor ( çåֹø or çֹø ) and Chur ( çåּø ), ‘a hole in' the earth or rock (1Sa_14:11; Job_30:6), hence in the proper names Horite, Hanlran, Beth-horlon, Hooronaimili Hor-bagidgad.
3. Mechillah ( îְçַìָּä ), a fissure or cavern (Isa_2:19).
4. Minharcah ( îַðְäָøָä ), a burrow or hiding-place (Jdg_6:2).
II. Superficial (including objects of natural growth, such as conspicuous and enduring vegetation).
1. Yáar ( éִòִø ), a forest or dense growth of trees, but occasionally a thicket only (Isa_21:13). In the historical books it is the usual name for the wooded tracts of Palestine, whether east or west of the Jordan; namely, the “forest of Hareth” ‘(1Sa_22:5), “the forest of Lebanon” (1Ki_7:2; 1Ki_10:17; 1Ki_10:22; 2Ch_9:16; 2Ch_9:20), “the wood of Ephrainim” (2Sa_18:6; 2Sa_18:8; 2Sa_18:17;: see also Jos_17:15; Jos_17:18; 1Sa_14:25-26; 2Ki_2:24). In the poetical parts of Scripture it often occurs, and is translated:” forest” (but “wood” in Deu_19:5; 1Ch_16:33; Psa_80:13; Psa_83:14; Psa_96:12; Ecc_2:6; Son_2:3; Isa_7:2; Eze_24:2 Mic_7:14), It forms and element of the names Kijathjearim and Mount Jeaiim (Jos_15:10). In two passages (1Sa_14:27; Son_5:1) the word is applied to a honey-comb, which is the frequent product of forests.,
2. Choresh ( äֹøֶùׁ ), a wood, i.e. a thick growth of vegetation, whether in a single tree or in a copse: thus in Eze_31:3 it is used for the thick foliage (“shroud') of the cedar; elsewhere for a limited piece of wood (“forests,” 2Ch_27:4; “bough,” Isa_17:9; “wood of Ziph,” 1Sa_23:15-16; 1Sa_23:18-19).
3. Pardes ( ôִּøְãֵּñ ), a Persian word for a park or plantation of timber (“forest,” Neh_2:8) or fruit-trees (“orchard,” Ecc_2:5; Son_4:13).
4. Ets ( òֵåֹ ), a tree in the widest sense, whether an individual one (Gen_1:29; Gen_2:16; Deu_12:2; Jos_10:16 [comp. Act_10:38]; Isa_7:2, etc.) or “wood” as its product (Exo_7:19 : Lev_11:32; 1Sa_6:14, etc.); hence “timber” (1Ki_5:6, etc.), or a piece (“stick,” Num_15:32; 1Ki_17:10); sometimes as wrought (“taff” of a spear, 1Sa_7:7; “handle” of an axe, Deu_19:5).
The most important of generally used names of particular species of trees are the following, which (do not always seem to be used exactly or distinctively:
5. El in some of its various forms (all from àéì àåּì , or àָìִì , to be strong), which, according to Gesenius, are used thus: Eyl may be either an oak or a terebinth; where Allon is opposed to Elah (as in Isa_6:13; Hos_4:13), the former is the oak, the latter the terebinth; on the other hand, all the Words appear to be interchangeable, f r the same tree which is Allon (Jos_19:33) is also in (Jdg_4:11), while that which is Elon (“plain” 9) is likewise Elah (Gen_35:4) and Allah (Jos_24:26). The following are several terms and their application:
Eyl ( àֵéì ), in the sing., occurs only in the combination El-parian (Gen_14:6); in the masc. plur. Eylim ( àֵéìéí or àֵìַéí ) of a collection of trees (“oaks,” Isa_1:29 “trees,” Isa_61:3; Eze_31:4), and the proper name Elim (from the seventy palms there, Exo_15:27; Exo_16:1; Num_33:9-10). The fem. plur. Eyloth' ( àֵéìåֹú ) or Elyilth ( àֵéìִú ), as a p proper name Eloth or Elath, probably refers to the palm- grove at Akabah (Deu_2:8; 1Ki_9:26; 2Ki_14:22; 2Ki_16:6; 2Ch_8:17; 2Ch_26:2). Elah ( àֵìָä ), designated a notable tree, perhaps the terebinth (“oak,” Gen_35:4; Isa_1:30; Eze_6:13; “elms,” Hos_4:13; “teil-tree,” Isa_6:3; with the art. Jdg_6:1; Jdg_6:19; 2Sa_18:9-10; 2Sa_18:14; 1Ki_12:14 “Elah,” 1Sa_17:2; 1Sa_17:19; 1Sa_21:9).
Eylon ( àֵéìåֹï ), a similar notable tree, perhaps the oak (“plain” of Moreh, Gen_12:6; Deu_11:30; of Mamre, Gen_13:18; Gen_14:13; Gen_18:1; of Zaanaim, Jdg_4:11; of the pillar, Jdg_9:6; of Monenim, Jdg_9:37; (Tabor 1Sa_10:3), and also stands as a proper name, Elon (Jos_19:43).
Ilon ( àַéìָï ), a great tree (Dan_4:10-11; Dan_4:14; Dan_4:20; Dan_4:23; Dan_4:26).
Alliah ( àִìָּä ), a marked tree (“oak,” Jos_24:6), as. a prop. name Allah- milek (“the king's oak,” Jos_19:26).
Allon ( àֵìּåֹï ), the same (“oak,” Gen_30:5; Isa_44:14; Amo_2:9; in connection with Elah, Isa_6:13; Hos_4:13; of Bashall, Isa_2:13; Eze_27:6 ch. Eze_11:3), and in the names Allon- bachuth (Gen_35:8) and Allon'zaanaim (Jdg_4:11), or simply Allon (Jos_19:33).
6. Eshel ( àֵùֶׁì ), prob. the tamarisk (“tree,” 1Sa_22:6; 1Sa_31:13; “grove,” Gen_21:3).
7. Asheráh ( àֲùֵׁøָä ), tendered in the A. V. “grove” was an idolatrous image or pillar of Astarte (Jdg_6:25-27), which, on account of its height, was planted in the ground, Deu_16:21; as at Samaria, 1Ki_16:32-33; 2Ki_10:20; 2Ki_17:16 : at Bethel; 2Ki_23:15; at Ophrah, Jdg_6:25; and even at Jerusalem, 2Ki_23:6; so in the plur. àֲùֵׁøַéí , Baal's cippi, 1Ki_14:23, etc.); and hence the goddess herself (1Ki_15:13, etc.), among other species of trees that seem to have given names to localities we mention Rimmon, the pomegranate; Liz, the almond; Tamar, the palm; Shittah (in the plu. Shittim), the acacia; Libneh (or Jibnah), the white poplar; and Rithem (Rithmah), the Spanish broon.
III. Human structures (including residences or defenses), whether collective or individual, public or private.
1. Ir ( òַéø ) or Ar ( òָø ), a city (as always rendered in the A.V., except “town,” in Deu_3:5; 1Sa_16:4; 1Sa_23:7; 1Sa_27:5; Est_9:9; Jer_19:15; “court,” in 2Ki_20:4), designates a fortified place (2Ki_10:25; 2Ki_17:9; 2Ki_18:8; 1Ch_11:5, etc.), such as Jerusalem, Samaria, Jericho, etc., especially walled cities (Gen_23:10; Genesis 8; Gen_34:20; Gen_34:24; Jos_8:29; Jos_11:4; Jdg_16:2-3; Rth_3:11; 1Sa_23:7; 1Ki_4:13; 1Ki_17:10; 1Ch_11:9; 2Ch_8:5, etc..), in contrast with others (Lev_25:29; Lev_25:31; 1Sa_6:18); but in one case (Deu_3:5) we have “unwalled cities.” The former of these two cognate terms occurs as part of a proper name in Ir- hat-temaritm (Deu_34:3; Jdg_1:16; Jdg_3:13; 2Ch_28:15) Irham-melelach (Jos_15:62), Ir-shemesh (Jos_19:41), Ir-nahash (1Ch_4:12), Ir-ha-heres (Isa_19:18), Rechoboth-ir (Gen_10:11); the latter as Ar (Num_21:15; Deu_2:9; Deu_2:18; Deu_2:29) or Ar-Moab (Num_21:28; Num_22:36, Isa_15:1).
2. Kiryah ( ÷ַøְéָä ), a town, apparently the aucient (hence their mnaauitish Kirjath) and poetical (but proverbial, Deu_2:36; Deu_3:4; 1Ki_1:41; 1Ki_1:45; or Slamauitan, Ezr_4:10; Ezr_4:12-13; Ezr_4:15-16; Ezr_4:19; Ezr_4:21) word for a city (Num_21:28; Psa_68:2 : Isa_25:2), especially in the proper names Kirjath, Kijnathainm, Kirjatih-arba, Kiljath-huzoth, Kirj atti-jearim, Kirj tharim, Kirjath-baal, Kirjath-sepher, Kirjth-satniah, Kerioth, anid Kiartch.
3. Perazah ( ôְּøָæָä , only with the plur. Perazoth, ôְּøָæåֹú , and the collective Perazin, ôְּøָæåֹï , or Perazi, ôְּøָæַé unwalled town or open village of considerable size and character (Deu_2:5; 1Sa_6:18; Est_9:19; Eze_38:11; Zec_1:4; but “villages” in Jdg_5:7; Jdg_5:11; Hab_3:14, means chiefs), and in the designation of the Perizzites, or inhabitants of open villages.
4. Kaphar ( ëָּôָø ), a hamlet or small collection of houses (“village,” 1Sa_6:18; 1Ch_27:25; Son_7:11), occurs chiefly in combination as a proper name: Chehar-ha-Amnmonai (Jos_18:24), Chephirah (Jos_9:17), Ciaphar-saba (1Ma_7:31), Caperniumin, and many Talmudic places (Caiphii), like the Arab. Kefr.
5. Chatser ( çָöֵø ), a village (literally an enclosure), originally a “court” or vestibule (as of the Tabernacle, Exo_27:9, etc.; or TempLeviticus , 1Ki_6:36; of a palace, 2Ki_2:4; Est_1:5; Jer_36:20; comp. Jer_36:22; prison, Neh_3:25; Jer_22:2, etc.; or even of a common house, 2Sa_17:18), but topographically designating a permanent Bedawin encampment of tent- cloths spread over stone walls (Gen_25:16; Isa_42:11), such as the Hazerim dwelt in (Deu_2:23). It appears especially in the proper names Hazeroth, Hazar-addar, Hazareth; Hazar-addah, Hazar-hat- t