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UPPER ROOM
1. The words ‘guest-chamber’ and ‘upper room.’—(1) Guest-chamber ( êáôÜëõìá ). In the LXX Septuagint êáôÜëõìá denotes (a) an inn or lodging-place: Exo_4:24, Sir_14:25, Jer_14:8; (b) a dwelling-place in general: Exo_15:13, Jer_32:24, (= Jer_25:38), Jer_40:12, (= Jer_33:12), Eze_23:21, 1Ma_3:45; (c) a chamber connected with a sanctuary or the Temple: 1 K (= 1 S) 1Ki_1:18; 1Ki_9:22, 1Ch_28:13, being in one case the room where the sacrificial meal was eaten, 1 K (= 1 S) 1Ki_9:22; (d) a tent: 2 K (=2 S) 2Ki_7:6; (e) the tabernacle: 1Ch_17:5 (not B). In the NT êáôÜëõìá occurs only in Luk_2:7 (inn, or possibly guest-chamber) and Mar_14:14, Luk_22:11 (apparently guest-chamber). The best Manuscripts of Vulgate have diversorio in Luk_2:7; refectiomea (also in bfi) in Mar_14:14, diversorium in Luk_22:11. Of other Lat. Manuscripts (besides differences of spelling,—divor., dever.), in Luk_2:7 e has stabu.; in Mar_14:14 X* [Note: The signs here used are those adopted in Wordsworth and White’s edition of the Vulgate, and Old Latin Biblical Texts. See also Hastings’ DB iii. 47–62, iv. 873–890.] q have diversorium meum, Z has diversorium meum refectio mea, ÂÇÈ Mt O have diversorium meum et refectio mea, ff2 has refectorium, k has hospitium; in Luk_22:11 e f r have hospitium, a has refectio, I has locus.* [Note: The signs here used are those adopted in Wordsworth and White’s edition of the Vulgate, and Old Latin Biblical Texts. See also Hastings’ DB iii. 47–62, iv. 873–890.]
(2) Upper room ( ἀíÜãáéïí in best Manuscripts : other Manuscripts have ἀíüãáéïí , ἀíùãÝùí , ἀíùãÝùò , ἀíþãáéïí , ἀíþãåïí ).
In the LXX Septuagint ἀíÜãáéïí does not occur in any form, ὑðåñῷïí occurs twenty-three times, apparently always in the sense of upper room. In the NT ἀíÜãáéïí (Textus Receptus ἀíþãåïí ) occurs only in Mar_14:15, Luk_22:12, ὑðåñῷïí occurs only in Act_1:13; Act_9:37; Act_9:39; Act_20:8, both words in the sense of upper room. The best Manuscripts of Vulgate have cenaculum for both words in all places. Of other Lat. Manuscripts (besides differences of spelling,—cacn., cocn., cin., cenn.), in Mar_14:15 k has sub ‘pedaneum’ sterranœum (having apparently first written subpedaneum, and then tried to alter it to sterranœum), q has locum stratum, ff2 has stratum; in Luk_22:12 a has mœdianum, b has pede plano locum, d has superiorem domum, q has superiorem locum, c e ff2 ir have in superioribus locum, l has in superioribus; in Act_1:13 degig Manuscripts used by St. Augustine (Adv. Fel. Man. i. 4; De unit. eccl. 27) have superiora, Grec È p. 2 tepl have cum introissent in cenaculum ascenderunt in superiora (combining cenaculum with superiora: see Wordsworth and White’s note on Act_1:13 in their edition of Vulgate ); in Act_9:37 m has superiori cœnaculo, p has superioribus; in 9:39 m has superiora cœnaculi, e p have superioribus; in 20:8 d has superioribus.
2. Events in the upper room.—(1) The Last Supper (wh. see): Mar_14:17, Mat_26:20, Luk_22:14; (2) the washing of the Apostles’ feet and subsequent discourse: Joh_13:2-20; (3) the prophecy of the betrayal of our Lord by Judas: Mar_14:18-21, Mat_26:21-25, Luk_22:21-23, Joh_13:21-35; (4) the Institution of the Eucharist: 1Co_11:23-25, Mar_14:22-25, Mat_26:26-29, Luk_22:19-20 (see Lord’s Supper); (5) the prophecy of the denial of our Lord by St. Peter and subsequent discourse: Luk_22:31-38, Joh_13:36-38; cf. Mar_14:27-31, Mat_26:31-35, where such a prophecy—either that here recorded or a repetition of it—is placed after the departure from the upper room; (6) discourse: John 14; (7) the departure from the upper room: Mar_14:26, Mat_26:30, Luk_22:39, Joh_14:21.
It is possible that the room in an unspecified house in Jerusalem where the disciples met after the Resurrection (Mar_16:14, Luk_24:33; Luk_24:36, Joh_20:19; Joh_20:26), and ‘the upper chamber ( ὑðåñῷïí ) where they were abiding’ after the Ascension (Act_1:13), were the same as the ‘upper room’ ( ἀíÜãáéïí ) in which the above events took place; and that this, again, was in ‘the house of Mary the mother of John whose surname was Mark’ (Act_12:12). ‘The combinations are quite legitimate, and only give unity and compactness to the history, if we suppose that the house of Mary and her son was the one central meeting-place of the Church of Jerusalem throughout the Apostolic age’ (Sanday, Sacred Sites, p. 83). At the same time, there is no positive evidence in the NT for identifying the ἀíÜãáéïí of Mar_14:15, Luk_22:12 with the ὑðåñῷïí of Act_1:13, or for placing it in the house of Mary the mother of John.
3. Places at table in the upper room.—There is some probability in the suggestion (Edersheim, LT [Note: T Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah [Edersheim].] ii. 494–95) that our Lord occupied the place of the host, that St. John was on His right hand, Judas in the place of honour on His left hand, and St. Peter in the least honourable place opposite St. John.
Such an arrangement would account for (1) our Lord telling St. John by what sign to know the traitor without the rest hearing, Joh_13:26; (2) the giving of the ‘sop’ first to Judas, Joh_13:26, Mar_14:20, Mat_26:23; (3) the inquiry of Judas whether he was the traitor, and our Lord’s reply without the rest hearing the latter, Mat_26:25, Joh_13:27-30; (4) the beckoning of St. Peter to St. John, and St. Peter’s request that St. John should ask our Lord who was the traitor, Joh_13:23-24; (5) the possibility that in the ‘contention’ among the Apostles (Luk_22:24), if this took place in connexion with the Supper and before it, Judas claimed and obtained the chief place; (6) the possibility that after our Lord’s rebuke of the ‘contention’ (Luk_22:25-30), St. Peter eagerly seized on the lowest place.
4. The identification of the site.—It is thought by many good judges that the traditional site of the cenaculum (the present building dates from the 14th cent.) is probably the place where the upper room stood. Dr. Sanday (p. 77) writes, ‘I believe that of all the most sacred sites it is the one that has the strongest evidence in its favour. Indeed, the evidence for it appears to me so strong that, for my own part, I think that I should be prepared to give it an unqualified adhesion.’ The most interesting testimonies in the tradition are the following:
St. Cyril of Jerusalem, Cat. (a.d. 348) xvi. 4: ‘The Holy Ghost, who spake in the prophets and on the Day of Pentecost, came down on the Apostles in the form of fiery tongues here in Jerusalem, in the upper church of the Apostles; for with us are the most valuable privileges of all. Here Christ came down from heaven. Here the Holy Ghost came down from heaven. And truly it is most fitting that, as we speak of Christ and Golgotha here in Golgotha, so also we should speak of the Holy Ghost in the upper church. But, since He who came down there shares in the glory of Him who was crucified here, we speak here of Him who came down there, for the worship of Them is indivisible.’
Silvia (or Etheria), Peregrinatio (c. [Note: circa, about.] 385 a.d.), 39–43: At Easter ‘all the people conduct the bishop with hymns to Sion. When they have come there, suitable hymns for the day and place are said, prayer is made, and that passage from the Gospel is read in which, on the same day, in the same place where the church itself in Sion now is, the Lord came in to the disciples when the doors were shut, that is, when one of the disciples, namely, Thomas, was not there.’ On the octave of the Resurrection ‘all the people conduct the bishop with hymns to Sion. When they have come there, suitable hymns for the place and day are said, and that passage from the Gospel is read in which, eight days after the Resurrection, the Lord came in where the disciples were, and rebuked Thomas for his want of belief.’ At Pentecost ‘all the people conduct the bishop with hymns to Sion, so that they may be in Sion at the third hour. When they have come there, that passage from the Acts of the Apostles is read in which the Spirit descends.… In Sion is the very place, though there is a new church, where of old after the passion of the Lord the multitude was gathered together with the Apostles.’
Epiphanius, de Mens. el Pond. (a.d. 392) 14: ‘Hadrian’ ‘found the whole city [Jerusalem] razed to the ground, and the temple of God trodden under foot, except for a few buildings and the little church of God. It was there that the disciples, on their return when the Saviour had ascended from the Mount of Olives, went up into the upper chamber ( ôὸ ὑðåñᾷïí ); for on that site had it been built.’ (If Epiphanius possessed accurate information, this statement carries back the tradition about the site to the reign of Hadrian, a.d. 117–138).
Lucian of Caphargamala, near Jerusalem, Ep. de revel, corp. Steph. 8, after describing the discovery of the relics of St. Stephen (a.d. 415): ‘Then, with psalms and hymns, they carried the relics of the most blessed Stephen to the holy church of Sion, where also the Archdeacon had been ordained.’ Cf. Breviarium Romanum, lect. v. for August 3; Breviarium Ambrosianum, lect. iii. for August 3.
Theodosius, De situ terrœ sanctœ (a.d. 530), 7: ‘Sion, which is the mother of all churches, which our Lord Christ founded with the Apostles. It was the house of holy Mark the Evangelist.’
Liturgy of St. James (Brightman, Liturgies Eastern and Western, i. 53, 54): ‘Thy all-holy Spirit,’ ‘who came down on Thy holy Apostles in the form of fiery tongues in the upper chamber ( ἐí ôῷ ὑðåñῴῳ ) of the holy and glorious Sion on the Day of the holy Pentecost.’ ‘We offer unto Thee, O Lord, also for Thy holy places, which Thou didst glorify with the manifestation of Thy Christ and the descent of Thy all-holy Spirit, especially for the holy and glorious Sion, the mother of all churches.’
Hippolytus of Thebes, Chronicle, (usually assigned to 10th cent., but perhaps of 7th cent.): ‘This is John, whom the Lord loved, the virgin and evangelist, who remained at Jerusalem, the mother of the churches, at his own house, to which the Apostles fled in fear of the Jews. There also was prepared the Passover. There also the first mystery was consecrated for the disciples. There also the Lord appeared to them after the resurrection. There also He showed the prints of the nails to Thomas. There the Apostles ordained as first bishop the son of Joseph, the brother of the Lord.… He [John] received the all-holy Mother of God ( Èåïôüêïí ) in his house until her assumption ( ìå÷ñὶ ôῆò ἀíáóôÜóåùò áὐôῆò ).’
See also the plan, identifying the place of the Last Supper, of the descent of the Holy Ghost, and of the death of the Blessed Virgin, left by Bishop Arculf, who visited Jerusalem in a.d. 685, with Adamnan at Iona, and reproduced in Adamnan, De locis sanctis, of which reproduction there is a facsimile in vol. xxxviii. of the Vienna Corpus Script. Eccl. Lat. p. 244.
Literature.—Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, ii. 482–519; Le Camus in Vigouroux, Dict, de la Bible, ii. 399–403; Zahn, ‘Die Dormitio Sanctae Virginis und das Haus des Johannes Markus’ in NKZ [Note: KZ Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift.] , vol. x.; Mommert. Die Dormitio und das deutsche Grundstück auf dem traditionellen Zion; Sanday, Sacred Sites of the Gospels, pp. 77–88; J. Watson. The Upper Room (1895); J. Telford, The Story of the Upper Room (1905); D. M. M‘Intyre, The Upper Room Company (1906).
Darwell Stone.