John Kitto Evening Bible Devotions: May 4

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John Kitto Evening Bible Devotions: May 4


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Gold Disregarded

Isa_13:17

Having considered the historical details of the conquest of Babylon, we are now in an advantageous position for contemplating the prophecies which refer to the subject; and as we shall be obliged to cite, for the sake of the connection, something more than the immediate purpose requires, we commence with the Isaiah 13, where this great matter is first introduced.

1. “The Burden of Babylon which Isaiah the son of Amoz did see.

2. Lift ye up a banner upon the high mountain;

Exalt the voice unto them, shake the hand,

That they may go into the gate of the nobles.

3. I have commanded my sanctified ones,

I have also called my mighty ones for mine anger,

Even them that rejoice in my highness.

4. The noise of a multitude in the mountains as of a great people

A tumultuous noise of the kingdoms of nations gathered together,

The Lord of hosts mustereth the host of the battle.

5. They come from a far country,

From the end of heaven—

Even the Lord and the weapons of his indignation,

To destroy the whole land.

6. Howl ye! for the day of the Lord is at hand,

It shall come as a destruction from the Almighty.

7. Therefore shall all hands be faint,

And every man’s heart shall melt:

8. And they shall be afraid;

Pangs and sorrows shall take hold of them;

They shall be in pain as a woman that travaileth:

They shall be amazed one at another;

Their faces shall be as flames.

9. Behold the day of the Lord cometh,

Cruel both with wrath and fierce anger,

To lay the land desolate,

And he shall destroy the sinners thereof out of it.

10. For the stars of heaven, and the constellations thereof,

Shall not give their light.

The sun shall be darkened in his going forth,

And the moon shall not cause her light to shine.

11. And I will punish the world for their evil,

And the wicked for their iniquity;

And I will cause the arrogancy of the proud to cease;

And I will lay low the haughtiness of the terrible.

12. I will make a man more precious than fine gold;

Even a man than the golden wedge of Ophir.

13. Therefore I will shake the heaven,

And the earth shall remove out of her place,

In the wrath of the Lord of hosts,

And in the day of his fierce anger.

14. And it [Babylon] shall be as the chased roe,

And as a sheep that no man taketh up;

They shall every man turn to his own people,

And flee every one into his own land.

15. Every one that is overtaken shall be thrust through;

And every one that is joined unto them shall fall by the sword.

16. Their children also shall be dashed to pieces before their eyes;

Their houses shall be spoiled and their wives ravished.

17. Behold also I will stir up the Medes against them,

Who shall not regard silver;

And as for gold, they shall not delight in it.

18. Their bows also shall dash the young men in pieces;

And they shall have no pity on the fruit of the womb;

Their eye shall not spare [even] children.

19. And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms,

The beauty of the Chaldees’ excellency,

Shall be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah.”

The sequel of the chapter goes on to illustrate by many striking and beautiful images the state of desolation to which Babylon should be eventually reduced, and in which, accordingly, she now lies.

The passage we have quoted is less specific in its allusions to the siege by Cyrus than some of those that follow, and, like the others, it extends its view so as to comprehend a subsequent and more ruinous siege by Darius Hystaspis, and to the desolation which a long series of disasters would in the course of time produce.

It is seen that the prophecy here opens very grandly. The prophet, in his vision, first hears the voice of the Almighty addressed to the nations, as subject to Him, and commanding them to raise the standard of war, and to gather around it the mighty armies, of various nations and tongues, which were to be employed against the doomed city. This summons is expressed very emphatically—by exalting the standard, beckoning with the hand, calling with the voice. Then still more emphatically the Lord declares that He has himself called to this great work the Persian host—“his sanctified ones”—as being set apart or consecrated for this duty—mighty to execute his wrath—exulting in the great plan they are appointed to accomplish.

In Isa_13:4 we see clearly that this host was to be composed of numerous and diverse nations, which was eminently true of the host which Cyrus brought from the conquest of the west, and in which he had incorporated troops from many different countries. Xenophon, in his account of the siege, incidentally names Phrygians, Lydians, Arabians, and Cappadocians, as among other foreigners who served on this occasion in the army of the Persians. And then, as a climax, we learn that it is the Lord of hosts himself who takes the command of this great army and musters its hosts to battle.

Then (Isa_13:5) we are told more distinctly that these troops came from distant parts. To this it has been objected that Media and Persia, so far from being distant with respect to Babylonia, were the very next countries to it. But it is overlooked that the army contained, as just stated, large bodies of men from almost the remotest parts westward and (it will presently appear) northward, with which the Babylonians were acquainted; and it is far from unlikely that the original Persian army contained many troops from Bactria, which was a very remote country with respect to Babylon. Besides, if understood only of the Medes and Persians, it is clear that, although neighbors, they advanced against Babylon after having been far away engaged in the conquest of remote countries.

The sequel affords a lively picture of the consternation and alarm of a people suddenly abandoning all hope and giving themselves up to despair; and we know from the result that this must have been the case when, in the height of their fancied security, and in the midst of their festivities, they found the city in the hands of the Persians. Nothing can evince this more clearly than the fact, that no defence or resistance was attempted. This circumstance is beautifully amplified in Isa_13:14 by the images of the chased roe and of the shepherdless sheep.

There seems in the remaining verses we have quoted a transition of ideas—representing two actions as one—to the more cruel sack of the city by Darius Hystaspis. But the first clause is applicable enough to the capture by Cyrus: “Every one that is overtaken shall be thrust through,” agrees very well with the fact recorded by Xenophon, that the parties of horse sent to scour the streets on the night in which the city was taken, had strict orders to slay all whom they met with out of doors.

The remarkable verse of Isa_13:17, in which the Medes and Persians are described as regardless of silver and gold in this service, claims special attention. It is every way a remarkable prediction, because it is by no means a characteristic of conquerors to be regardless of these things, which, indeed, have been the chief objects of many great military undertakings. But let us see how it was borne out.

On returning from his successful campaign in Armenia against the Chaldeans, who had invaded that country, Cyrus was met by the wife of the Armenian king, who had brought with her immense treasure, with which to testify the gratitude of the nation. This treasure had been kept hidden and hoarded up by the king; who had, however, before offered it to Cyrus, by whom it had been declined; so now he said to the princess: “I cannot consent to appear as a man who goes about the world bestowing his services for money. Go your way, woman; and keep all the treasure that you have brought. But do not suffer your husband to again hoard it up. Employ it rather in equipping your son becomingly for the wars; and let the rest be spent in providing whatever of use or elegance may enable you, with your husband and children, to spend your days in a pleasant and becoming manner. Let it suffice us to lay our bodies under ground when we die.”

In another campaign against the Assyrians, in which he was assisted by the Hyrcanians and others, he induced his Persians to give up with alacrity the rich spoil they had obtained from the enemy to the allies, himself setting the example. This was not the only occasion on which he showed himself regardless of spoil, and in which the forces under him evinced the same sentiments.

More remarkable still in connection with the special reference to the Medes in the present text, is the commencement of the speech, which, on one occasion, Cyrus made to them and other allies. “Medes, and all you who are here present, I know well that you have not come with me out of any desire of acquiring wealth,” etc.

On another occasion, Cyrus, with his friends and the chiefs of his army, were hospitably entertained by Gobyras, an Assyrian governor, whose son had been slain by the Babylonian king, and whose hope for protection and vengeance lay in the Persians. This person, in the presence of this noble party, produced a vast quantity of precious treasure—vessels of gold, rich furniture and apparel, gold coin without count, and all sorts of valuables. Last of all he introduced his daughter, as one mourning for her brother’s loss; and he said: “Cyrus, all these treasures I bestow upon thee. This, my daughter, I also entrust to thee, to dispose of as thou deemest best. But we are both thy suppliants. I cry to thee to be the avenger of my son; she, that thou wilt avenge her brother.” Cyrus promised all they wished: but as for the treasures—“These,” said he, “I also accept, but only to bestow them on this thy daughter, and to the man who may espouse her.” Not long after, some detachment which had been sent into the Babylonian territory returned with abundant spoil. Cyrus called together the commanders, and proposed that in acknowledgment of the hospitality with which they had been treated, they should, after deducting what was due to the gods, and what might be necessary to suffice the soldiers, give all the rest, all their own shares, to Gobyras. This proposal was highly applauded by the officers; and one of them said: “Let us do this by all means. I believe,” he added, “that Gobyras took us for a beggarly people, because we come not with darics Note: A Persian gold coin worth rather more than a guinea. in abundance, and do not drink out of cups of gold. But if we do as you propose, he will understand that it is possible even for those who have no gold to be generous.”

The Persian Daric

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Instances to the same effect might be multiplied. Indeed, the indifference to spoil and gain which Cyrus himself felt, and with which he, to a great extent, succeeded in inspiring his soldiers, was so continually evinced in his career, as to come to be regarded as a characteristic of the general and of his army. Croesus, in whom the principle of accumulation was as strongly exemplified as that of dispersive liberality was in Cyrus, was astonished at the little regard he had for silver and the small delight he took in gold, and warned him, that with such opportunities as few men ever possessed of accumulating vast treasures, he must, on this principle of conduct, expect to be always poor.