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en-chant´ment: The occult arts, either supposedly or pretentiously supernatural, were common to all oriental races. They included enchantment, sorcery, witchcraft, sooth-saying, augury, necromancy, divination in numberless forms, and all kinds of magic article Nine varieties are mentioned in one single passage in the Pentateuch (, ); other varieties in many passages both in the Old Testament and New Testament, e.g. , ; ; ; ; ; , ; , ; ; . The extent of the magic arts (forbidden under Judaism and Christianity) may incidentally be seen from the fact that the Scriptures alone refer to their being practiced in Chaldea (), Babylon (), Assyria (), Egypt (), Canaan (, ; , ), Asia (Ephesus, , ), Greece (), Arabia also, as “customs from the East,†etc. () indicates. These secret arts were prohibited by the laws of Moses (-12), inasmuch as they constituted a peculiar temptation to Israel to apostatize. They were a constant incentive to idolatry, clouded the mind with superstition, tended and were closely allied to imposture (). The term “enchantment†is found only in the Old Testament and its Hebrew originals indicate its varieties.
(1) לטי×, laÌ„ṭı̄m, and להטי×, lehaÌ„ṭı̄m “to wrap up,†“muffie,†“cover,†hence, “clandestine,†“secret.†It was this hidden element that enabled the magicians of Egypt to impose on the credulity of Pharaoh in imitating or reproducing the miracles of Moses and Aaron; “They ... did in like manner with their enchantments†(, ). Their inability to perform a genuine miracle is shown by .
(2) × ×—×©×, naÌ„hÌ£ash, “to hiss,†“whisper†referring to the mutterings of sorcerers in their incantations. Used as a derivative noun this Hebrew word means “a serpent.†This involves the idea of cunning and subtlety. Although employed in the wider sense of augury or prognostication, its fundamental meaning is divination by serpents. This was the form of enchantment sought by Balaam (). Its impotence against the people of God is shown by m. Shalmaneser forced this forbidden art upon the Israelites whom he carried captive to Assyria (). It was also one of the heathen practices introduced during the apostasy under Ahab, against which Elijah protested (compare ).
(3) לחש×, laÌ„hÌ£ash, “to whisper,†“mutter,†an onomatopoetic word, like the above, in imitation of the hiss of serpents. It is used of the offensive practice of serpent charming referred to in , and as Delitzsch says, in the place cited., “signifies the whispering of formulas of charming.†See also , “skilful enchanterâ€; , “serpents, cockatrices (the Revised Version (British and American) “addersâ€) ... which will not be charmedâ€; , , “the voice of charmers (the Revised Version, margin “enchantersâ€), charming never so wisely.†Ophiomancy, the art of charming serpents, is still practiced in the East.
(4) חבר, ḥebher, “spell,†from חבר, ḥābhar, “to bind,†hence, “to bind with spells,†“fascinate,†“charm,†descriptive of a species of magic practiced by binding knots. That this method of imposture, e.g. the use of the magic knot for exorcism and other purposes, was common, is indicated by the monuments of the East. The moral mischief and uselessness of this and other forms of enchantment are clearly shown in , . This word is also used of the charming of serpents (; ).
(5) ×¢× ×Ÿ, ‛aÌ„nan, “to cover,†“to cloud,†hence, “to use covert arts.†This form of divination was especially associated with idolatry (so Gesenius, Hebrew Lexicon). Delitzsch, however, in a note on this word (), doubts the meaning “conceal†and thinks that it signifies rather “to gather auguries from the clouds.†He translates it “cloud-interpretive†(). This view is not generally supported. Rendered “enchanters†(, the Revised Version (British and American) “soothsayersâ€; so also in ). Often translated in the Revised Version (British and American) “practice augury,†as in ; , ; ; ; a form of magical art corresponding in many respects to that of the Greek maÌntis, who uttered oracles in a state of divine frenzy. Septuagint κληδονιÌζομαι, kleÌ„donıÌzomai, i.e. augury through the reading or acceptance of a sign or omen. A kindred form of enchantment is mentioned in the New Testament (; Greek γοÌητες, goÌeÌ„tes, “enchanters,†“jugglers,†the original indicating that the incantations were uttered in a kind of howl; rendered “seducers†the King James Version, “impostors†the Revised Version (British and American); compare ). The New Testament records the names of several magicians who belonged to this class of conscious impostors: Simon Magus (); Bar-Jesus and Elymas (, ); the slave girl with the spirit of Python (“divination,†); “vagabond (the Revised Version (British and American) “strollingâ€) Jews, exorcists†(; compare ); also the magicians of Moses' day, named Jannes and Jambres ().
All these forms of enchantment claimed access through supernatural insight or aid, to the will of the gods and the secrets of the spirit world. In turning away faith and expectation from the living God, they struck a deadly blow at the heart of true religion. From the enchanters of the ancient Orient to the medicine-men of today, all exponents of the “black art†exercise a cruel tyranny over the benighted people, and multitudes of innocent victims perish in body and soul under their subtle impostures. In no respect is the exalted nature of the Hebrew and Christian faiths more clearly seen than in their power to emancipate the human mind and spirit from the mental and moral darkness, the superstition and fear, and the darkening effect of these occult and deadly articles For more detailed study see DIVINATION; ASTROLOGY.