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seÌ„d (Old Testament always for זרע, zera‛, Aramaic () זרע, zera‛, except in for פּרדות, perudhoÌ„th (plural, the Revised Version (British and American) “seeds,†the King James Version “seedâ€), and (the King James Version “mingled seedâ€) and (the King James Version “divers seedsâ€) for כּל××™×, kil'ayim, literally, “two kinds,†the Revised Version (British and American) “two kinds of seed.†Invariably in Greek Apocrypha and usually in the New Testament for σπεÌÏμα, speÌrma, but , ; , ; for σποÌÏος, spoÌros, and for σποÏαÌ, sporaÌ): (1) For “seed†in its literal sense see AGRICULTURE. Of interest is the method of measuring land by means of the amount of seed that could be sown on it (). The prohibition against using two kinds of seed in the same field (; ) undoubtedly rests on the fact that the practice had some connection with Canaanitish worship, making the whole crop “consecrated†(taboo). uses “seed of man†and “seed of beast†as a figure for the means by which God will increase the prosperity of Israel (i.e. “seed yielding menâ€). (2) For the transferred physiological application of the word to human beings (, etc.) see CLEAN; UNCLEAN. The conception of Christians as “born†or “begotten†of God (see REGENERATION) gave rise to the figure in ; . If the imagery is to be stressed, the Holy Spirit is meant. In I a doctrine of certain Gnostics is opposed. They taught that by learning certain formulas and by submitting to certain rites, union with God and salvation could be attained without holiness of life. John's reply is that union with a righteous God is meaningless without righteousness as an ideal, even though shortcomings exist in practice (). (3) From the physiological use of “seed†the transition to the sense of “offspring†was easy, and the word may mean “children†(, etc.) or even a single child (; the Revised Version margin). Usually, however, it means the whole posterity (, etc.); compare “seed royal†(, etc.), and “Abraham's seed†(, etc.) or “the holy seed†(; ; 1 Esdras 8:70; compare ) as designations of Israel. So “to show one's seed†(;, ) is to display one's genealogy, and “one's seed†may be simply one's nation, conceived of as a single family (). From this general sense there developed a still looser use of “seed†as meaning simply “men†(; ; ; The Wisdom of Solomon 10:15; 12:11, etc.).
In Paul draws a distinction between “seeds†and “seed†that has for its purpose a proof that the promises to Abraham were realized in Christ and not in Israel. The distinction, however, overstresses the language of the Old Testament, which never pluralizes zera‛ when meaning “descendants†(plural only in ; compare ; ). But in an argument against rabbinical adversaries Paul was obliged to use rabbinical methods (compare ). For modern purposes it is probably best to treat such an exegetical method as belonging simply to the (now superseded) science of the times.