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hweÌ„l: (1) ×ופן, 'oÌ„phan, is the usual word (, etc.). In ; the rollers of a threshing wagon are meant (see AGRICULTURE). (2) גּלגּל, galgal, “rolling thing,†generally in the sense of “wheel†(, etc.), but the Revised Version (British and American) in , , has “whirling wheels,†an advantageous change. The “wheel ... broken at the cistern†in is the windlass for drawing the water, and by the figure the breakdown of the old man's breathing apparatus is probably meant. In , the King James Version has “wheel,†but this translation (that of the Septuagint) is quite impossible; the Revised Version (British and American) “whirling dust†(sucked up by a miniature whirlwind) is perhaps right, but the translations proposed are end-less. (3) גּלגּל, gilgal, , the roller of a threshing wagon. (4) ××‘× ×™×, 'obhnayim, . See POTTER. (5) פּע×, pa‛am, , literally, “step†(so the Revised Version margin), and the sound of horses' hoofs is intended. (6) Ï„ÏοχοÌÏ‚, trochoÌs, Sirach 33:5; (the King James Version “courseâ€). In the former passage, “The heart of a fool is as a cart-wheel,†the changeableness of a light disposition is satirized. In James the figure is of a wheel in rotation, so that a flame starting at any point is quickly communicated to the whole. Just so an apparently insignificant sin of the tongue produces an incalculably destructive effect.
The phrase “wheel of nature†(Ï„Ïοχὸς τῆς γενεÌσεως, trochoÌs teÌ„Ìs geneÌseos) is used here for “the world in progress.†It is not a very natural figure and has given rise to much discussion. the King James Version accents trochoÌs (“courseâ€) instead of trochoÌs (“ wheelâ€). but the language throughout is metaphorical and “course†is not a sufficiently metaphorical word. The translation “birth†for geneseoÌ„s (so the Revised Version margin). i.e. “a wheel set in motion by birth.†is out of the question. as the argument turns on results wider than any individual's existence. “Wheel of nature†is certainly right. But a comparison of life to a wheel in some sense or other (chiefly that of “Fortune's wheelâ€) is common enough in Greek and Latin writers, and, indeed the exact combination trochos geneseoÌ„s is found in at least one (Orphic) writer (full references in the commentaries of Mayor and W. Bauer). It would seem, then, that James had heard the phrase, and he used it as a striking figure, with entire indifference to any technical significance it might have. This supposition is preferable to that of an awkward translation from the Aramaic. See COURSE.